Safety zones and other Land Use Planning tools to reduce acute environmental risks

Category	Lectures
Sub-Categories	n/a
Year	2014
Author(s)	John Magne Skjelvik
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Safety	 zones	 and 	other	 Land 	Use	 Planning 	tools	 to 	reduce	 	acute	 environmental	 risks 	
John Skjelvik Beijing, 19. November 2014

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Contents 
• The Seveso II Directive and 	its	 requirements	 	• Various	 tools	 used 	• Zoning	 and 	safety	 distances	 	• Risk-	based	 approach	 to 	safety	 distances	 	• Actions	 to 	reduce	 distance	 	• Suggestions	 for China

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The EU Seveso II Directive 
• Adopted	 in 1996 to 	prevent	 major-	accident	 	hazards	 involving	 dangerous	 substances	 and 	the	 	limitation	 of	 their	 consequences	 	• 	Background	: 	Several	 large	 incidents	 (Seveso 1976, 	Bhopal and Mexico City 1984 and 	others	) 	• Requires	 that	 Member	 States 	impose	 Land 	Use	 	Planning 	Policies	/procedures	 to 	include	 	consideration	 of	 major 	accidents

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Article	 12 	of	 	the	 Directive 	
Article	 12 	of	 the	 Seveso II Directive 	requires	 that	 	controls	 should	 be 	exercised	 on	: 	 • 	The 	siting	 of	 new	 establishments 	• 	Modifications	 to 	existing	 establishments 	• 	New 	developments	 such	 as: 	• 	Transport links 	• 	Locations 	frequented	 by 	the	 public	 and 	residential	 areas 	in 	the	 vicinity	 of	 existing	 establishments, 	where	 the	 siting	 	or 	developments	 are	 such	 as to 	increase	 the	 risk or 	consequences	 of	 a major 	accident	 	• 	Leaves	 it to 	the	 Member	 States 	on	 how	 to 	follow	 up 	this

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Siting	 	of	 	new	 establishments 	
 	• 	Develop	 procedures	 for planning 	consultation	 for 	new	 	Seveso II establishments • 	Make 	suitable	 arrangements to 	coordinate	 Seveso II 	requirements	 & planning 	consultation	 prosedures	 	• 	If 	appropriate	, 	define	 sones 	where	 Seveso II 	establishments 	may	 be 	permitted	 	• 	Define	 source	(s) and type 	of	 technical	 advice	 	• 	Define	 to 	whom	 advice	 should	 be 	addressed

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Planning 	Procedures

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Enough	 	distance	 	important	 	
Policies	 should	 in 	the	 long	 term 	ensure	 enough	 distance	 	between	 hazardous-incident-prone	 plants («Seveso II 	plants») and: • 	Residential areas 	• 	Buildings	 and areas 	of	 public	 use	 	• 	Major transport 	routes	 	• 	Recreational	 areas 	• 	Other	 sensitive areas 	Uses	 of	 land 	which	 are	 not 	comptible	 should	 be 	separated	 by 	appropriate	 distances

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The 	concept	 	of	 «	zoning	» 	
Countries	 should	 develop	 zones	 in 	the	 vicinity	 of	 Seveso 	II plants for: • 	Emergency	 planning 	• 	Land-	use	 planning 	• 	Information to 	the	 public	 on	 safety	 measures	 and 	how	 	to 	behave	 in case 	of	 an 	accident	 	No 	requirements	 in 	the	 Directive 	that	 these	 zones	 	should	 be 	the	 same for all 	of	 the	 above

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Example	 	of	 	zoning

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The 	follow	-up 	varies	 	
Variations	 in 	approaches	 between	 EU 	countries	: 	1.	 	Developing	 distance	 tables	 based	 on	 historical	 	experience	, 	experts	 and 	depending	 on	 the	 type 	of	 	the	 activity	 	2.	 	Assessment	 of	 consequences	 of	 different 	event	 	scenarios (	consequence-based	 approach	) 	3.	 	Assessment	 of	 both	 consequences	 and 	probabilities	 	of	 occurrence	 of	 the	 different 	event	 scenarios (risk-	based	 approach	 	4.	 	Mixes	 of	 the	 above

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Developing	 	distance	 	tables	 	
• 	A simple 	approach	 	• 	Close to 	the	 traditional	 approach	 of	 the	 land-	use	 	planner	 	• 	Often	 highly	 based	 on	 expert	 judgement	 and 	historical	 	data 	of	 accidents	 	• 	Take	 into	 account	 the	 type 	of	 industrial	 activity	 and/or 	the	 quantity	 and type 	of	 hazardous	 substances	 	present • 	Rely	 on	 expriences	 from operating 	similar	 plants 	• 	Detailed	 design and 	safety	 measures	 are	 often	 not 	considered

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Safety	 	distances	 in 	Sweden	 	
 !!Ini%al!safety!distances	!	Plas%c!industry	!	200-meters	-	Paper!mill	!	500-meters	-	Non6organic!chemical!industry	!	1,000-meters	-	Oil!reﬁnery	!	1,500-meters	-	!!Safety!distances!between!industrial!and!housing!areas	!	Industrial!blocks	!	50-meters	-	Small!industry!area	!	200-meters	-	Industrial!area	!	500-meters	-	Process!industry	!	>-1,000-meters	-

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Example	 from Germany 	
• 	A garden 	centre	 got	 a 	building	 permit	 some	 250 	meters from a 	chemical	 company	 	• 	The 	chemical	 company	 challenged	 this	 because	 	chlorine	 is 	stored	 just 70 meters from 	the	 planned	 	centre	 	• 	The European Cort 	of	 Justice	 decided	 that	 approval	 of	 	a 	project	 should	 be 	decided	 on	 a case-by-case basis 	• 	Not 	only	 risk 	factors	, 	but	 also	 socioeconomic	 issues	 	should	 be 	considered	 	• 	Safety	 distances	 should	 not be 	considered	 absolute	 	• 	Uncertain	 if	 the	 garden 	centre	 will	 be 	built

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Consequence-based	 	appr	. 	
• 	Often	 used to 	define	 the	 «	worst	 case» scenario 	• 	Considers	 measures	 to 	protect	 people	 and 	environment	 from 	this	 to 	happen	 	• 	Defines	 safety	 distances	 and 	other	 measures	 based	 	on	 this	 	• 	Criticized	 for not 	considering	 the	 likelihood	 for 	the	 	worst	 case to 	happen	 	• 	Should	 also	 plan for «	high	 frequency	 – 	low	 impact	» 	incidents

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Risk-	based	 	approach	 	
• 	Identification	 of	 hazards	 	• 	Estimating	 the	 probability	 of	 occurrence	 	• 	Estimating	 the	 consequences	 of	 the	 accidents	 	• 	Eventually	 integrate	 into	 overall risk 	indices	 	• 	Comparison	 of	 the	 calculated	 risk 	with	 acceptance	 	criteria

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Iso-risk lines

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Societal	 risk

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UK: a risk-	based	 	approach

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Actions	 to 	reduce	 	distance

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Internal	 and 	external	 	safety

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Safety	 	measures

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Ty p e s 	of	 	measures	 	
1.	 	Passive hardware 	measures	 	• 	Mostly	 to 	mitigate	 severity	 of	 accidents	 	2.	 	Active hardware 	measures	 	• 	E.g. 	automatic	 shutdowns	, alarms 	3.	 	Passive 	behavioural	 measures	 	• 	E.g. 	staying	 away	 from 	defined	 areas 	4.	 	Active 	behavioural	 measures	 	• 	E.g. 	evacuation	 	5.	 	Mixed 	measures	 	• 	Combinations 	of	 the	 above

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Mitigation	 and 	control

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Suggestions	 for China 	
• 	Are 	there	 some	 safety	 distances	 in China 	today	? 	• 	If not, 	could	 it be 	helpful	 to 	establish	 some	 guiding	 	distances	 for 	local	 authorities	? 	• 	How 	could	 they	 be 	developed	? 	• 	Should	 only	 be 	guidelines 	• 	Each	 case 	should	 be 	considered	 separately	 	• 	If 	some	 clearly	 defined	 safety	 measures	 are	 	implemented	, 	distances	 could	 eventually	 be 	shortened

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Rasmus Raabo Reinvang
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