Baseline Study of Environment Planning and Risk Management in China

Rapport 2013/37

Haakon Vennemo og Rasmus Reinvang

Baseline Study of Environment Planning and Risk Management in China

Kategori	Rapporter
Underkategori(er)	Utviklingssamarbeid
År	2013
Rapportnummer	37
Forfatter(e)	Haakon Vennemo Rasmus Reinvang
Last ned	file_download (2.6 MB)
Les i nettleser	find_in_page

R	E	PORT	 	
 	2013/37
 CAO Guozhi, TIAN Chao, JIA Qian, DONG Jingqi, ZHOU You, YU Fang, 	Haakon Vennemo

Baseline Study of Environment
Planning and Risk Management
in China

Baseline Study of Environment Planning and Risk Management in China

Vista Analysis AS	 	1

Baseline Study of Environment Planning 	and Risk Management in China

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Document Details
Vista Analysis AS	 	Report number 	2013/37
Title 	 	Baseline Study of Environment Planning and
Risk Management in China

ISBN	 	978	-82	-8126	-133	-4
Author	 	Cao Gouzhi et al
Finished date	 	September 23, 2013
Project Manager	s 	Haakon Vennemo	, Yu Fang
Quality Control	 	Rasmus Reinvang
Client	 	Chinese Academy 	for	 Environmental Planning
Access	 	Public
Published 	 	pdf
Key words	 	Environmental risk, environmental planning,
China

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Preface

This report surveys the baseline situation with respect to planning for environmental
risk mitigation in China, with particular focus on two provinces (Jiangsu and Guizhou
Province) and two citi	es (Anshun City in Guizhou Province and Tongling City in 	An	hui
Province	). The purpose is to record the situation at the initiation of the project 	Planning
for Cost	-effective Environmental Risk Reduction	 that is carried out by Vista Analysis and
Chinese Academy 	for	 Environmental Planning (CAEP) on behalf of the Ministry of
Environmental Protection in China. 	The report is mainly written by a team from CAEP
led by Cao Gouzhi, with inputs from Rasmus Re	invang and Haakon Vennemo at Vista
Analysis	, and with 	baseline 	data and 	survey 	contributions from 	local environmental
authorit	ies 	in 	Jiangsu, Guizhou, Anshun and Tongling	. We	 also	 would like to express our
sincere appreciation to 	For	eign Economic 	Cooperation Centr	e, Department of Planning
and Finance	, Environmental Emergency Response and Accident Investigation Centr	e,
Department of International Cooperation 	of Ministry of Environmental Protection 	for
their suppor	t of this baseline report.
23 September 2013
Haakon Vennemo
Project Manager
Vista Analysis AS

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Content
Preface	 ................................	................................	................................	................................	................................	. 3
Summary	 ................................	................................	................................	................................	.............................	 9
About the project	 ................................	................................	................................	................................	..........	 20
1 	Target Groups of the project	 ................................	................................	................................	...........	 21
1.1	 	List of target groups	 ................................	................................	................................	.................	 21
1.1.1	 	Local EPBs of pilot places	 ................................	................................	................................	.. 21
1.1.2	 	Ministry of Environmental Protection	 ................................	................................	.........	 22
1.1.3	 	Other institutions	................................	................................	................................	..................	 26
1.2	 	The business relationship between various target groups	 ................................	.......	 27
2 	Research and Practice at the St	ate Level	 ................................	................................	...................	 28
2.1	 	Cognition of the international experience of environment planning and risk
management	 ................................	................................	................................	................................	..............	 28
2.1.1	 	Environmental planning	 ................................	................................	................................	....	 28
2.1.2	 	Environment risk management	 ................................	................................	......................	 30
2.2	 	Current status of environmental planning, risk assessment and management	 36
2.2.1	 	Environment	al planning and management	 ................................	................................	 36
2.2.2	 	Environment risk assessment and management	 ................................	.....................	 38
2.2.3	 	Applications of GAINS model and CGE model	 ................................	...........................	 43
3 	Research and Practice at Provincial and City Level	 ................................	...............................	 46
3.1	 	Jiangsu Province	 ................................	................................	................................	........................	 46
3.1.1	 	Environmental risk introduction and its characteristic analysis	 .......................	 46
3.1.2	 	Present	 situation of environmental risk management in Jiangsu Province	 .. 52
3.1.3	 	Environmental risk management work faces a huge challenge and
opportunity	 ................................	................................	................................	................................	...........	 61
3.2	 	Guizhou Province	 ................................	................................	................................	......................	 66
3.2.1	 	Environmental risk introduction and	 its characteristic analysis	 .......................	 66

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3.2.2	 	Current situation of environmental risk management in Guizhou Province	 69
3.2.3	 	Challenges and opportunities	 ................................	................................	..........................	 74
3.3	 	Tongling in Anhui	 ................................	................................	................................	......................	 79
3.3.1	 	Main environmental risk problems for Tongling City	 ................................	............	 79
3.3.2	 	Related works already done	 ................................	................................	.............................	 80
3.3.3	 	Problems and need	 ................................	................................	................................	..............	 85
3.4	 	Summary	 ................................	................................	................................	................................	.......	 88
4 	Questionnaire survey result	 ................................	................................	................................	...........	 89
4.1	 	Statistical result	 ................................	................................	................................	.........................	 89
4.2	 	Main conclusion	 ................................	................................	................................	.......................	115
5 	Conclusion	 ................................	................................	................................	................................	...........	117
5.1	 	Many efforts have been done in response to solve environmental risk problems
in China	 ................................	................................	................................	................................	......................	117
5.2	 	There are still many problems in national and local environmental risk
management	 ................................	................................	................................	................................	............	118
5.3	 	Improving technical methods application is critical to solve the curren	t
environmental risk reduction planning and management problems	 ...............................	119
Appendix A	 ................................	................................	................................	................................	....................	120

Tables:
Tabell 3.1	 	Environmental Safety Information Quantity for Major Industries(2010)	 50

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Figures:
Figure 1.1	 	Target groups	 ................................	................................	................................	......................	 21
Figure 3.1	 	Number of Major Environmental Risk Source Enterprises in Provinces in
China	 	48
Figure 3.2	 	Number of Major Environmental Risk Source Enterprises in Municipalities
Directly Controlled by Jiangsu Provincial Government	 ................................	.......................	 49
Figure 4.1	 	Completed questionnaires	 ................................	................................	...........................	 89
Figure 4.2	 	Number at the provincial level	 ................................	................................	...................	 90
Figure 4.3	 	Number of respondents with job responsibility for environmental
planning	 90
Figure 4.4	 	Number of respondents engaged in emergency response	 ..............................	 91
Figure 4.5	 	Application of CBA	 ................................	................................	................................	...........	 92
Figure 4.6	 	Familiarity with CBA	 ................................	................................	................................	......	 92
Figure 4.7	 	Familiarity with CBA (MEP	&CAEP)	 ................................	................................	..........	 93
Figure 4.8	 	Familiarity with CBA (provincial EPBs)	 ................................	................................	.. 93
Figure 4.9	 	Familiarity with CBA (municipal EPBs)	 ................................	................................	.. 94
Figure 4.10	 	Application of SEA	 ................................	................................	................................	...........	 95
Figure 4.11	 	Familiarity of SEA	 ................................	................................	................................	............	 95
Figure 4.12	 	Familiarity of SEA (MEP	&CAEP)	 ................................	................................	................	 96
Figure 4.13	 	Familiarity of SEA (provincial EPBs)	 ................................	................................	........	 96
Figure 4.14	 	Familiarity of SEA(municipal EPBs)	 ................................	................................	.........	 97
Figure 4.15	 	Type of Work	 ................................	................................	................................	.....................	 98
Figure 4.16	 	Type of work	 ................................	................................	................................	......................	 98
Figu	re 4.17	 	Applied condition of CBA and SEA	 ................................	................................	............	 99
Figure 4.18	 	Knowledge of CBA level	 ................................	................................	................................	. 99
Figure 4.19 	Knowledge of SEA level	 ................................	................................	................................	....	100
Figure 4.20	 	Application of CBA and SEA at province level	 ................................	....................	101

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Figure 4.21	 	 Familiarity of international experiences and best practice	..........................	101
Figure 4.22	 	Familiarity 	of international experiences and best practice (MEP	&CAEP)
 	102
Figure 4.23	 	Familiarity of international experiences and best practi	ce (provincial
EPBs)	 	102
Figure 4.24	 	Familiarity of international experiences and best practice (municipal
EPBs)	 	103
Figure 4.25	 	Level of knowledge and experience with environmental risk reduction
methodologies	 ................................	................................	................................	................................	....	104
Figure 4.26	 	Level of knowledge and experience with environmental risk reduction
methodologies (MEP	&CAEP)	 ................................	................................	................................	.......	104
Figure 4.27	 	Level of knowledge and experience with environmental risk reduction
methodologies (provincial EPBs)	 ................................	................................	...............................	105
Figure 4.28	 	Level of knowledge and experience with environmental risk reduction
methodologies (municipal EPBs)	 ................................	................................	...............................	105
Figure 4.29	 	Level of knowledge of international experiences and best practice related
to environmental risk methodologies	 ................................	................................	.......................	106
Figure 4.30	 	Knowledge level of international environmental planning experience	 ...106
Figure 4.31	 	Knowledge level of international environmental planning experience	 ...107
Figure 4.32	 	Level of knowledge about GAINS, CGE	-models and other models for
integrated evaluation of environmental impact	 ................................	................................	...108
Figure 4.33	 	Level of knowledge about GAINS, CGE	-models and other models for
integrated evaluation of environmental impact (MEP	&CAEP)	 ................................	.......	108
Figure 4.34	 	Level of knowledge about GAINS, CGE	-models and other models for
integrated evaluation of environmental impact (provincial EPBs)	 ..............................	109
Figure 4.35	 	Level of knowledge about GAINS, CGE	-models and other models for
integrated evaluation of environmental impact (municipal EPBs)	 ...............................	109
Figure 4.36	 	Knowledge level of GAINS, CGE models	 ................................	................................	110
Figure 	4.37	 	Knowledge level of GAINS, CGE models	 ................................	................................	110
Figure 4.38	 	Conformance to its requirements of methods and tools	 ................................	111
Figure 4.39	 	Conformance to its requirements of methods and tools (MEP	&CAEP)	 ....	111

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Figure 4.40	 	Conformance to its requirements of methods and tools (provincial EPBs)
 	112
Figure 4.41	 	Conformance to its requirements of methods and tools (municipal EPBs)
 	112
Figure 4.42	 	Demand analysis of 	specific type of international experience	 .....................	113
Figure 4.43	 	Demand analysis of 	specific type of international experience(MEP	&CAEP)
 	113
Figure 4.45	 	Demand analysis of specific type of international experience (provincial
EPBs)	 	114
Figure 4.46	 	Demand analysis of 	specific type of international experiences (municipal
EPBs)	 	114

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Summary

Background
China has during the last 20 years moved through a rapid industrialization phase, where
rapid increase in GDP in many cases has taken place at the expense of sustainable
resource use, environmental quality and public health. It is recognized by the Chinese
government that the environmental challenges are huge and need to be tackled as part
of China’s future economic development.
Environmental policy in China is currently in a phase where basic legislation and
principles are in place but where necessary institutional development, baseline data
collection, policy and cross	-sector mainstreaming as well practical application of
enviro	nmental policy are still at a youthful stage. Many practical problems remain for
integrated application of high	-quality environmental planning and risk management.
Examples of current risk	-related environmental problems include; frequently occurring
acute	 environmental pollution accidents, sources of drinking water are frequently
threatened by pollution, large amounts of persistent organic pollutants spread widely,
regulation and practice for handling of chemicals and hazardous waste is lacking etc.
The pu	blic is exposed to such kinds of environmental problems and the annual “mass
events” involving protests and related to the environment, have the latter years
increased by 30% per year.
In the 12	th 5-Year Plan (2011	-2015), the Chinese government made it a	 priority to
“strengthen the environmental risk prevention and control in key fields.” Key fields
include heavy metals, hazardous wastes, persistent organic pollutants, enterprises that
produce or use dangerous chemicals, waste disposal and regional planni	ng. In the 12	th
Environmental Protection 5	-Year Plan (2011	-2015), risk prevention is listed as one of
the main tasks of environmental protection for the first time.
Current overall challenges regarding environmental planning and risks management,
include 	lack of dissemination and standardization of experience and tools for
environmental risk planning, lack of overview and risk handling capacity on the ground,

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lack of experience and methods for regional planning to manage environmental risk,
lack of standar	dization of practices across different departments and regions, and lack of
integration of environmental risk principles in relevant laws and regulations. Current
environmental risk management mostly relies on the investigation, troubleshooting and
regulat	ion of government departments, while enterprises generally do not carry out risk
management assessments and they often lack competence and awareness about the
importance of risk management. The situation for enterprises can be challenging, as the
official 	targets of environmental risk prevention and control as well as the means, are
often not clear.

Jiangsu province
Jiangsu is a province on the east coast of China, north of Shanghai, with a population of
79 million and an area of 102,600 km	2 (roughly the s	ize of Iceland). The capital of
Jiangsu is Nanjing (pop. 8.2 million). Jiangsu is an economically advanced province with
one of the highest GDP per capita (68 347 RMB, 2012) and economic growth rates in
China. Economic development is, however, primarily co	ncentrated in the southern part
of the province. Since 1949, Jiangsu has developed heavy industries such as chemicals
industry and construction materials. Today, the most important industries are
machinery, chemicals, electronics, automobiles and solar ind	ustry. The majority of the
population in Jiangsu lives in densely populated urban areas where environmental risk
factors are complicated and numerous, road capacity is relatively insufficient, and the
access to space and natural and ecological lands is rar	e. A major environmental risk
event has potential to bring cities and towns to a standstill.
Data from MEP for the period 2004	-2009 shows that Jiangsu in the period ranked
second among provinces in China with regards to “Sudden Environmental Events”, with
55 such events. Especially the chemicals industry is considered to involve high risk, as it
involves may different and often dangerous chemicals, complicated operating
conditions, many potential leak points, transport of large quantities of chemicals that 	are
dangerous unless they are kept under the right conditions. Mapping by MEP (2010)
showed that Jiangsu has more than 38 000 chemical enterprises of which more than 10

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000 handles quantities making them “Major Environmental Risk Source Enterprises” 	–
the	 highest number of any province in China. (Guangdong follows second with about 7
500 such enterprises.) Many of these factories were built in the 1980ies, and have
outdated equipment and standards. Many chemical factories are also located along
rivers, nea	r lakes, adjacent to the sea, near ecologically sensitive and/or important
areas, within the upper reaches of urban drinking water zones or adjacent to residential
areas 	– making the impact of potential environmental accidents high. Weak planning
and zonin	g has also lead to a situation where energy and industry pipe networks
indiscriminately spread underground in populated areas and come into conflict with
other infrastructure development, leading to increasing occurrences of environmental
events and increa	sing complexity. Emergency equipment, facilities and plans are often
lacking on enterprise level, on industrial park level and on local or regional government
level. Most risk source enterprises are located in the southern part of the province. Due
to weak	er environmental management and emergency response capability in the North,
however, the impact of an environmental event will probably be higher if it occurs there.
The Jiangsu province EPB began mapping environmental risks for major industries and
enter	prises in 2009 and at present has completed basic environmental risk information
entries for more than 7 000 enterprises. Jiangsu EPB has also mapped land source oil
spill risks in the province, as well as risks to drinking water sources from industrial
ch	emical parks. The mapping of risk sources is archived according to the risk levels;
major risk sources are listed and supervised by provincial authorities, relatively large
risk sources are listed and supervised by municipal bureaus, while average risk sou	rces
are listed and supervised at local levels. Risks to sensitive areas such as drinking water
sources are prioritized.
The EPB has issued guidelines for the development emergency plans at enterprise,
industrial park and government levels. The provincial	 government is also working to
establish a suitable monitoring and early warning monitoring system, a comprehensive
emergency response system and has taken steps to improve regional communication
mechanisms enabling joint response action on a regional leve	l. In 2012, environmental
protection authorities in Jiangsu conducted more than 30 different emergency drills and
major risk enterprises and industrial zones conducted more than 100 drills.

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Jiangsu’s 12	th 5-Year Plan for Environmental protection and ecolo	gical Construction
requires that environmental supervision, management and risk prevention ability shall
be enhanced markedly by 2015. For instance, the centralized drinking water quality
compliance rate for the county and township level shall reach 100% a	nd 95%
respectively, urban household waste handling shall reach 100% and safe handling of
urban sewage shall reach 90%. Annual pollutant emission quantities of main pollutants
(NOx, SO2, NH3	-N and COD) as well as annual phosphorous emissions in Taihu Basin
shall be reduced significantly to set quantitative targets. In the five	-year plan period,
Jiangsu province shall also set up 14 provincial environmental emergency response
teams and establish 13 bases with emergency response equipment.
At present main cha	llenges are: Increasing pressure from economic development
enhancing unbalances and risks, sub	-optimal standards in the relevant industries and
weak planning (especially lack of zoning), lack of research and understanding of
environmental risk and how to h	andle it on a regional level, lack of awareness and
competence among stakeholders, lack of necessary technology and equipment, lack of
implementation of necessary mitigation measures, lack of awareness and precise
information among the general public, and 	a not fully developed environmental risk
management system on a regional level.

Guizhou province and Anshun city
Guizhou is a landlocked province in the southwestern part of China, with a population of
35 million and an area of 176 000 km2 (roughly the si	ze of Sweden). The capital of
Guizhou is Guiyang (pop. 4.3 million). Guizhou is a relatively poor and economically
underdeveloped province, but rich in natural, cultural and environmental resources. In
2012, Guizhou had the lowest GDP per capita (19 566 R	MB) of China’s provinces.
Anshun is a prefecture	-level city in Guizhou province with a population of 2.3 million (of
which about 800 000 in the city proper). Anshun City has been selected as a pilot region
to develop environmental emergency response abilit	y at prefecture city level.

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The main industries in Guizhou are timber and forestry, tobacco and mining. Guizhou is
one of the major mining provinces in China and pollution from heavy metals (such as
mercury, lead, zinc	-cadmium, antimony, thallium, manganes	e, vanadium and arsenic)
constitutes its most important type of environmental risk. The main environmental risk
industries in Guizhou are chemical and heavy metal smelting enterprises. The heavy
metal pollution in Guizhou have two main sources; historic po	llution retained in the soil,
and pollution generated by discharge from current industrial enterprises.
Since 2010, a total of 19 acute environmental events have occurred in Guizhou, including
two consequential environmental events, one relatively conseque	ntial event and 16
average level environmental events. About 50% of the events were caused by traffic
accidents, 25% by accidents taking place in production, and 25% for other reasons. Most
events mainly involved water pollution (63%), and some events invo	lved air pollution
(21%) and radiation (16%). MEP assessments of development trends indicate that
environmental risks related to chemical and heavy metal smelting enterprises will
increase in the 12	th 5-Year Plan period and that the frequency of environmen	tal
accidents will increase.
As an example of the scale of historic pollution, Wanshan Mercury Mine has since 1949
discharged 126 million tons of waste residues containing heavy metals and 20.2 billion
m3 of waste gases containing mercury without proper c	ontrol measures. In the Bijie
region, the total quantity of waste residues from zinc smelting is about 12 million tons
and the total floor area of waste residues is 11 km	2. In Dushan County, there are 104
abandoned antimony ore pits where leaking water tra	nsports heavy metals into the
surroundings incl. waterways. There is a general lack of proper land management and
mitigation measures in and around mining sites, leading to safety risks, habitat
degradation, deforestation, soil and water pollution, erosion	 and health risks.
Several studies show the negative impact on human health from heavy metal pollution
in Guizhou. In the mercury contaminated areas of Wanshan, the mercury content of
residents hair is 2.6 times above what is normally considered a safe le	vel and the sick
rate is 4% above average. Hundreds of examples have been documented of local people
in contaminated areas (Wanshan, Huilong) suffering from mercury or thallium
poisoning. In Hejiachong area, the soil cadmium content is 5.2 times higher th	an normal

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and very close to the levels in Toyama prefecture in Japan during the infamous mass
cadmium poisoning (the 	itai	-itai	 desease) at the beginning of the 20	th century.
Guizhou EPB has mapped that there are currently 414 major environmental risk
ente	rprises in Guizhou (chemical and mining enterprises). In cities (incl. Anshun),
hazardous waste, production wastewater, smoke	-dust and waste gases from such
enterprises pose a big risk to the local environment.
A number of steps have been taken the last ye	ars to improve the environmental risk
situation in Guizhou. A survey of environmental risk sources was carried out, a database
of environmental risk enterprises was established and monitoring and control of such
enterprises were strengthened. Special respo	nse attention has been put on periods
where natural conditions (such as freezing or flood season) increase environmental
risks and priority areas (such as the drinking water source for Guiyang City, Hongfeng
Lake Reservoir) have been identified for inclusi	on in a on	-line monitoring system.
Mechanisms have also been put up to increase the interaction between different
relevant departments and government units to secure early warning and information
sharing as well as joint and effective response. Contingency	 plans for acute
environmental events have been developed and independent environmental emergency
management agencies and response centers have been established. However, lack of
funds causes an insufficient level of equipment and response capacity. In Ans	hun city, a
number of measures have been introduced to limit discharge of pollutants from
enterprises in the city, to more properly manage solid waste and wastewater 	– including
separating rain and wastewater in the pipe network system, and thereby inter a	lia
reducing pollution in the Sancha river basin.
Guizhou province has ambitious goals for the 12	th 5-Year Plan period. The total
discharge of main pollutants (NH	3-N, SO	2, NO	x, COD) are to be reduced by between 6 and
10 %. The percentage of national 	surface water monitoring sections classified with the
lowest water quality (class V) is to be reduced to below 20% (the 2010 level), and the
percentage of urban concentrated drinking water sources with quality above the
national standard is to exceed 90% (	up from 82,3% in 2010).

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At present main challenges include: Lack of full baseline and trend data enabling the
setting of precise planning targets, lack of scientific and operational technical methods
and competence, lack of coordination between environment	al protection plans and
economic and social development plans, lack of integration between environmental
protection plans and key construction projects 	– partly due to lack of information about
environmental implications of different projects, lack of over	all and cross	-sector
planning, insufficiently developed environmental risk management system where
orientation, responsibility and capacity of agencies of all sectors at all levels are defined
and secured, and insufficient risk prevention, prediction and e	arly warning ability.

Tongling in Anhui province
Tongling (pop. 742 000) is a prefecture level city on the Yangtze river in Anhui province
(pop. 60 million), bordering to the east to Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Anhui
province has lagged behind in eco	nomic development compared to its more successful
neighbor provinces to the east, with a GDP per capita in 2012 (28 792 RMB) less than
half of those provinces. Economic development varies markedly within Anhui province
and Tongling is among the most develo	ped and prosperous regions in the province.
Tongling is a historic mining town and an important basic raw material production base
in China today. Exploitation and production of copper, sulfur, limestone resources,
nonferrous metals, cement, phosphorus ch	emicals, iron and steel, coking, thermal power
production and electronic industries are characteristic of the city’s industry. At present,
copper smelting production capacity in Tongling has reached 1 million tons/year,
cement production capacity 1.8 milli	on tons/year, sulfuric acid production capacity 4.5
million tons/year and chemical fertilizer 2 million tons.
The heavy chemical and mining industrial structure causes considerable production and
discharge of pollutants that leads to severe environmental r	isks and pollution problems.
Production and discharge of wastewater, waste gas, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxides, heavy
metals and solid waste per unit national land area in Tongling City are higher than the
average level in Anhui Province. Heavy metal pollut	ion to soil and water is a huge

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problem, as well as erosion and ecological deterioration. Annual average values of sulfur
dioxide and inhalable particulate matters in urban air in Tongling are below the national
Grade II standard applying to urban and rura	l areas, and Tongling is also a national acid
rain control area. Historically Tongling city is built around mines, which has the effect
that residential and industrial zones often are mixed and that heavy industrial
enterprises are located so that the wind	 carries the pollution into the city and/or in
upper reaches of drinking water resources. Environmental health and ecological risk is
thus substantial.
A number of steps have been taken the last years to improve the environmental risk
situation. Mapping 	of environmental risk sources has been increased, environmental
risk assessments and requirements have been increased for construction projects,
emergency plans defining responsibilities of different stakeholders have been developed
for pollution accidents	 and for major enterprises, emergency response capacity has been
developed, and test	-introduction of environmental pollution liability insurance has been
introduced for the nonferrous metal smelting industry.
In the 12	th 5-Year Plan, Tongling has ambitious	 environmental goals including reducing
the total quantity of major pollutants with 9 to 15% (compared with 2010), reduce
discharge of heavy metals from main areas with 15% (compared with 2007), improved
waste treatment including safe treatment of all haza	rdous wastes, ensure more than 330
days with ambient air quality better than grade II, and to establish a full environmental
risk prevention and control system. Priority topics to address are the preservation of
dinking water sources, soil restoration, pr	evention and control of heavy metal pollution,
centralized treatment of hazardous wastes, improving standards in key industries and
enhancing risk supervision and control.
At present main challenges include: Data and research on environmental risks and
health hazards related to pollutants in Tongling is weak, lack of mainstreaming of
environmental risk considerations across sectors, standards and regulations, lack of
standardized environmental risk management mechanism for enterprises, the
assessments of	 environmental risks related to new construction projects are not deep
enough, lack of capacity and competence to prevent and control environmental risks.

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Chinese experience with CGE	-models and GAINS
Research related to Computable General Equilibrium (C	GE) model started relatively late
in China (1989) and currently Chinese scholars use CGE	-models in fields such as
environmental tax and price policy making, pollution prevention and control policies
concerning water, air and solid waste, emissions trading	, reduction of GHG emissions,
climate change impact assessment, water source pricing as well as price policy research
related to land and mineral resources. Still, CGE	-models are mostly used on a research
level and there is a lack of experience in use CGE	-models to simulate outcomes in a way
making the research directly relevant for policy development and decision	-making.
The application of the GAINS	-model in China has just started, and is being applied in
research by Tsinghua University and the Chinese Ac	ademy of Agricultural Sciences.
Tsinghua University is currently cooperating with the International Institute for Applied
System Analysis (IASA) in Austria on developing a version of GAINS for application on
Chinese city level. Few institutions use GAINS i	n the field of air pollution and climate
change simulation and there is need for further training in China on how to use GAINS.

The level of knowledge among the target group
The main target group of the project consists of 103 persons, of which 18 are wo	rking
for five different departments within MEP involved in environmental planning and risk
management at a central level, 9 are working at CAEP, and 76 are working in the EPBs of
the pilot provinces (35 in Jiangsu, 14 in Guizhou) and pilot cities (12 in T	ongling of
Anhui, 15 in Anshun of Guizhou). Note that especially the Jiangsu EPB will be involved in
the project, with approximately 35 participants. There is an even gender balance in the
involved institutions and departments.

A survey was carried out d	uring the inception phase of the project in order to map the
current level of knowledge among the target group. The findings of the survey confirms

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the need for competence development and training related to environmental planning
and environmental risk re	duction, and sets a baseline for the knowledge level of the
target group of the project. Main results are:
53% of the respondents currently use Cost	-Benefit Analysis (CBA) in their work, but on
average 8% report that they have more than a theoretical level	 of knowledge with use of
CBA. 36% of respondents currently use Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in
their work, but on average only 3% report that they have more than a theoretical level of
knowledge and 55% report that they have no knowledge of SE	A. There is clearly a need
for further training in the use of CBA and SEA at all levels.
51% of respondents report that they have some knowledge of international experiences
and best practice related to environmental planning, but only 6% on a level where	 they
are able to apply this knowledge. 49% report that they have no knowledge of
international experiences and best practice with environmental planning (at provincial
and city level 60%). There is clearly a need for knowledge dissemination and training
related to international experiences and best practice with environmental planning.
68% of respondents report that they have some knowledge of environmental risk
reduction methodologies, but only 9% on a level where they are able to apply this
knowledge. Th	ere is clearly a general need for training related to introduction to and
application of environmental risk reduction methodologies in the target group.
55% of respondents report that they have some knowledge of international experiences
and best practice 	related to environmental risk reduction methodologies, but only 7%
on a level where they are able to apply this knowledge. 45% report that they have no
knowledge of international experiences and best practice with environmental risk
reduction methodologies	. There is clearly a need for knowledge dissemination and
training in these fields among the target group.

25% of respondents report that they have some experience with CGE, GAINS and other
integrated environmental impact models, and only 4% on a level wh	ere they are able to

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apply this knowledge. There is clearly a need for knowledge dissemination and training
related to CGE, GAINS and other integrated environmental impact models.
When asked to what extent respondents are satisfied with the current method	s and
tools they have available for environmental risk prevention, control and response, only
13% reported a certain degree of satisfaction (“they cover my needs but there is a lack
of practice”). 87% reported insufficiency in various ways, with 18% noting	 that they are
“directly useful but insufficient in scope”, 39% that they are “merely of indirect use” and
30% noting that they are “not at all sufficient”. When asked about the relevance and
need to further know about international experiences, 89% of th	e respondents
answered “yes”. There is clearly a need for further methods and tools related to
environmental risk among the target group.
The survey shows systematic variations between the central level and more local levels,
and between persons with diffe	rent types of responsibilities (planning vs. emergency
response) that should be taken into account in the detailed design of trainings.

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About the project
The 	Sino	-Norwegian	 project “Planning for cost	-effective environmental risk reduction in
China” (2012	-2015) focuses on training in 	Cost	-Benefit Analysis	 (CBA) and Strategic
Environmental Assessment (SEA) for environmental planning, and the application of
CBA, SEA and other m	ethodologies to planning for environmental risk
reduction/prevention.

The implementing institutions are:
 	Chinese side: 	Foreign Economic Cooperation 	Centre	 (FECO) of M	EP supported by
Chinese Academy 	for	 Environmental Planning.
 	Norwegian side: Vista 	Analysis supported by Center for International Climate and
Environmental Research Oslo (CICERO).

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1 	Target Groups of the project
1.1	 List of target groups

Figure 	1.1 	Target groups

Local EPBs 	of pilot places	 	1.1.1
Jiangsu province, Guizhou province, Tongling city of Anhui, and Anshun city of Guizhou
are the four pilot places of this project. The Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPB) on
the provincial (Jiangsu, Guizhou) and city levels (Tongling, Ans	hun) are authoritative
institutions responsible for local environmental protection. 35 people from Jiangsu EPB,
14 from Guizhou EPB, 12 from Tongling, and 15 from Anshun will participate and get
direct benefit from this project.

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These pilot local EPBs can 	get help in work from this project or provide business
support. These places can be involved in this project based on the following reasons:
(1) Need of environmental protection. The smelting and chemical industry, etc. at these
places have formed certain 	risks to the people and environment. Risk identification, risk
assessment and prevention work are needed to fight against the pollution risk;
(2) Possessing certain ability. 	Jiangsu Province and Guizhou Province	 were involved in
the first phase of Sino	-Nor	wegian cooperation project and have preliminarily learned
about the operation rules of SEA and CBA. They have professional people to carry out
the practical work and are more competent for the environmental risk assessment and
prevention work on the basis 	of the first phase of the project;
(3) Local governments support. In order to achieve a sustainable economic development
and better protect the environment, and maintain the environmental rights and
interests of local masses, the local governments want to 	learn more international
experiences and make good use of methods of environmental planning, risk reduction,
and perform more efficiently, effectively and economically.
 Ministry of Environmental Protection	 	1.1.2
The following business departments and units unde	r the Ministry of Environmental
Protection can get benefits from the project or provide business support. Normally, a
department ahs 12	-15 employees.
(1) Department of Planning and Finance
Department of Planning and Finance is responsible for environmenta	l protection
planning and basic ability build	-up, for formulation of environmental protection
planning, investment, expenditure budget and settlement, financial department
regulations, system and supervision of implementation, and for organizing the
prepar	ation of foreign capital utilization plan.
The achievements of environmental risk prevention and control planning methods can
provide technical reference for the environmental protection planning and help to put
the environmental risk assessment and preven	tion system into China's environmental
protection program, in order to carry out the environmental risk prevention and to
control the overall deployment and measures from the planning level and to provide

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technical support for the systematic construction o	f the environmental risk assessment
and prevention system.
(2) Department of Policies and Laws
The Department's main function is to establish and 	develop 	the environmental
protection laws, administrative regulations, economic policy and other basic system,
draw up national environmental protection comprehensive guidelines, policies and
macro strategy, to organize the formulation of comprehensive name lists for the
products, for example, with high pollution and high environmental risk as well as the
ones enc	ouraged by the national environmental protection. It is also responsible for
conducting research and formulation of environmental liability insurance policies.
The research achievement of this project may provide valuable reference and lessons for
Departm	ent of Policies and Laws in terms of environmental risk assessment and
prevention laws and regulations and policy research and actively help China to establish
the environmental risk assessment and prevention system. It will also help to draw
lessons from 	experiences of foreign laws and regulations, economic and management
policies, insurance and liability, information disclosure and public participation and to
promote the introduction of environmental risk assessment and prevention by
combining with China'	s current situation and demand of environmental protection.
(3) Pollution Prevention and Control Department
Pollution Prevention and Control Department is responsible for the supervision and
management of environmental pollution prevention and control and 	the environmental
situation analysis and study. It also takes charge of the formulation of pollution control
policies, plans, laws, administrative regulations, department regulations, standards and
specifications for city water body, atmosphere, land, nois	e, light, stench, solid waste,
chemicals and motor 	vehicles	, and the organization and implementation of the
comprehensive study on environmental situation in China.
The summary of experiences of environmental risk assessment and prevention at home
and abro	ad helps Pollution Prevention and Control Department with the analysis, study
and judgment of the situation of China's environmental risk, and with the formulation of
relevant policies of environmental risk prevention on the basis of learning from foreign
experiences. The 	National "Twelfth Five	-year" Plan for the Prevention and Control of

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Chemical Environmental Risks	 set by the Pollution Prevention and Control Department is
the first specific plan of environmental risk prevention and control. The related research
achievements of this project have a positive role of promotion for environmental risk
assessment and preve	ntion work of chemicals and other areas.
(4) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Department
The Environmental Impact Assessment Department is responsible for source prevention
and control of environmental pollution and ecological destruction, for environ	mental
impact assessment of major development plans and significant economic development
plans as well as important industries and key areas, for review of the environmental
impact assessment of major development area planning and industry planning
accordi	ng to the provisions of the state, for organization of national ecological status
assessment, and for supervision of development and utilization of natural resources
affecting the ecological environment, important ecological environment constructions
and r	estoration of the ecological destruction.
Environment planning assessment and EIA for construction projects are currently the
most important strategic pass of environmental risk prevention. The execution of the
project, especially the experiences of foreig	n environmental risk assessment and
prevention in terms of methods, criteria and model, contribute to the promotion of
environmental risk assessment of areas such as planning and construction projects from
the aspects of techniques and management systems. 	It also benefits the extension of the
application of environmental risk assessment and the final check function of the
environmental risk assessment in planning and construction projects.
(5) Environmental Emergency Response and Accident Investigation Cent	er
Environmental Emergency Response and Accident Investigation Center (shortly as
Emergency Center) is responsible for coping with, information reporting and emergency
warning of major and especially big acute environmental accidents, for undertaking
inves	tigation of major environmental pollution and ecological damage and
environmental violation cases and accidents of major construction projects, for assisting
Technology and Standards Department to assess damages of major and especially big
acute environmen	tal accidents and for participating environmental law enforcement
inspection organized by Environment Supervision Bureau.

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The outcomes of the project can provide Emergency Center with technical support in
risk assessment and prediction, forecasting and ear	ly warning of emergency
environmental accidents. Emergency Center can accurately and efficiently identify
environmental risks and provide decision	-making reference for building an
environmental risk management system by using the environment risk assessmen	t
technologies and management experiences of other countries for reference according to
China's practical situation.
(6) 	Center 	for Environment Risk and Damage Assessment of the Chinese Academy
for Environmental Planning
The major research area of the cent	er is to provide the Ministry of Environmental
Protection with technological, systematic and policy support for the environmental risk
assessment and management, pollution damage identification assessment, pollution
damage claims and remediation of contami	nated sites, to participate in making related
state and regional policies and regulations and to carry out qualification administration
of environmental risk and damage appraisal institutions of China.
The center is directly involved in theory exploration,	 technology research and practical
work of environmental risk assessment and prevention. It can systematically obtain
from the project the international experiences of environment risk prevention
principles, classification standards, methods, models and po	licy tools and legal systems.
Therefore the center is able to propose corresponding opinions for construction and
improvement on the basis of further combing problems and the insufficiency of the
domestic environmental protection planning and implementatio	n of related risk
assessment and prevention.
(7) 	Consulting	 Department 	and Water Department of the Chinese Academy for
Environmental Planning
The main scope of business of the Consulting Department of the Academy is the power
of office and power of propert	y concerning environment protection and public fiscal
policy, technical evaluation of pollution prevention and control projects, and
development policy and planning research of environmental protection industry and
environmental service industry. The main 	business scope of the Water Environment
Planning Department is the research of water environment protection system, policy

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and program such as water pollution prevention plans of the state and of the river basin
and policies of total amount of water pollut	ants.
Two departments in their respective areas carried out research and policy formulation
of underground water and chemicals. The execution of this project will also benefit the
two departments, and the related technology and management experiences will 	be
converted and applied to their respective research fields.
 Other institutions	 	1.1.3
Institutions under the Ministry of Environmental Protection, institutions of higher
learning such as Tsinghua University, Peking University, Beijing General Research
Institute	 of Mining and Metallurgy, Nanjing University, research institutions and some
environmental consulting firms are all paying close attention to the work of
environment risk research. The research process and achievements of this project may
help all these u	nits to some extent.
According to the preliminary survey, women in target groups at the national and local
level account considerable proportion, and play an important role in the environmental
planning and environmental risk prevention work in research an	d management
practices. Taking Center for Environmental Risk and Damage Assessment of Chinese
Academy for Environmental Planning for example, nearly 50% of the staff are female,
mainly are engaged in environmental risk assessment and management, environmen	tal
damage assessment, environmental planning and management studies.

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1.2	 The business relationship between various target groups

The Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning provides the various business
departments under the Ministry of Environmental 	Protection with technical supports
and policy researches.
The Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning cooperates with the Emergency
Center under the Ministry of Environmental Protection to carry out the environmental
risk prevention, control and managem	ent of the environmental risk identification,
evaluation, forecasting, early warning at enterprises, industrial parks, tailings and
regions, directly involves itself in emergency disposal of acute environmental accidents
and in environmental damage assessm	ent of the acute environmental accidents and
provide technical support for environmental risk assessment and emergency decision	-
making. By means of investigation and survey, expert argumentation, seminars,
experiments and technical training, it provides th	e Department of Policy and Law under
the Ministry of Environmental Protection with technical supports for special research
projects of environmental damage assessment and compensation fund raising and so on.
The Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning p	rovides Department of Planning and
Finance with technical assistance and also made policy researches supports. There is no
direct corporation between Department of Planning and Finance and Center for
Environmental Risk and Damage Assessment in risk prevent	ion field.
The Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning jointly carried out environmental risk
assessment and prevention research with institutes of higher learning such Tsinghua
University, Peking University, Beijing Normal University, China University 	of Political
Science and Law through the project cooperation.
In term of local relationship, Guizhou and Jiangsu were the pilot areas of cooperation in
the first phase of the Sino	-Norwegian Project and Tongling participated in the trial work
of Phase II o	f the project as an experimental unit for the general plan of city
environment. Through work communication by conferences, training, etc. the Chinese
Academy for Environmental Planning has established good relations of cooperation with
the local pilot unit	s.

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2 	Research and Practice at the State Level

2.1	 Cognition of the international experience of environment planning
and risk management
Environmental planning is the main business field of the Chinese Academy for
Environmental Planning (CAEP), environmental 	risk assessment and management is one
of the main research fields of Center for Environmental Risk and Damage Assessment
(CERDA). In previous studies, some of the related project reports, academic papers and
lectures have summarized international experienc	e about environmental planning,
environmental risk assessment and management. Therefore, in this part, cognition of the
overall progress, methods, institutions of the international experience about
environment planning and risk management are mainly from t	he reports of previous
research projects, academic papers of CAEP and other research institutions, universities,
academic researchers.
 Environmental planning 	 	2.1.1
Since 1950s and 1960s the large scale of economic constructions in USA and the
European countries	 have resulted in a series of biological and environmental problems,
the people there realized that the environment on which they lived must be developed,
protected and managed with plans. Under this situation and since 1960s, the developed
countries such 	as USA, Japan and UK have been paying great attention to the
environment planning.
Every state of USA has set up an environment planning committee and the environment
targets are planned by legislation. Generally, the regional environment planning plays a
major role in the national environment planning. The energy researches are basis of the
environment planning research with emphases on the research methods of environment
planning. In accordance with the requirements of Government Performance and Results
Act of 1993, USEPA started in 1997 to make its strategic plan that put forward its targets
of work for the coming five years and described how it would make the environment in
USA cleaner and healthier. The plan was both a statement to the public about its
obligations and a route map to realize the established environment targets. USEPA has
made five strategic plans. The undergoing strategic plan is the “Strategic Plan 2011	-
2015” promulgated in 2011.The plan describes the works USEPA plan to do and the

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targe	ts they hope to meet. The plan was deployed around the five targets which were
raised in the previous strategic plan, including air cleaning and the global climate
changes, clean and safe water, land protection and restoration, healthy society and
ecologic	al system, compliance and environment management.
UK takes the environment planning as an organic component of an economic
development plan, the contents of an environment plan are given full attention in a new
city or town plan and a management mechanism 	of development plan of “Plan	-guided
Type” is implemented. In Holland, an environment plan includes three contents that are
environment policy plan, elements plan and action plan. Risk management was first time
introduced in the Government Risk Management P	lan of 1986	-1990. In “the State
Environment Plan” promulgated in 1991, the preconditions of risk management
explicated the risk management standard.
Japan's environmental planning is based on the “Manual of the Regional Environmental
Management Planning” i	ssued by Environment Agency, and can be divided into four
categories namely comprehensive type, guiding type, pollution control type and specific
environmental goal type. It attaches great importance to direct administrative
management, takes "standard" as	 the basic planning objectives and means, and focuses
on prevention and protection of human body health more than economic development.
Russia's environmental planning is of coordination type, which pays attention to the
characteristics of the local enviro	nment, natural resources and productivity layout to
reasonably arrange for regional development planning and environmental planning. The
planning method adopted is "Environmental Target Outline Method", which is entirely
different from those of the western	 countries.
With regard to research on environment planning methods, related researchers have
made a lot of exploration. In America, the model prediction methods are widely used
such as atmospheric model and water model, which have provided scientific basi	s for
the regional environment planning; The German scholars F. Vester and A. Von Hesler
have set up a planning sensitivity model for cities and regions by combining the system
planning with biological control theory; Mikiko Kainuma is the first to develop	 a system
supporting compound decision making for environment planning and the system was
used for the environment planning of Tokyo Bay; Risto Lahdelma and others explored
the application of the target planning method in the process of environment plannin	g
and decision making based on the practical experiences of application; VILLA

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Ferdinando and others researched on the model and framework of quantitative
environment vulnerability and obtained the index of the approximate and standard
environment vulnerab	ility with minimum subjective and maximum objective.

Environment risk management 	 	2.1.2
2.1.2.1	 Principle
The principle of risk prevention was widely used in decision	-making about risk
management of health in USA in 1950s but generally it is believed that 1970 is the 	time
when USA began to legislate about the principle of risk prevention of America. The
following legislation such as Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), Marine Mammal
Protection Act (MMPA) and Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA) all reflect the idea of the
pr	inciple of risk prevention. The application of American environmental laws is apt to
conservative evidence view of estimation of risks on higher side, which is one of the
connotations of risk prevention. The laws of USA concerning evaluation of ecological
risks such as 	Superfund Law 	(CERCLA), Resource Conservation and Recycling Method
(RCRA), Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), Federal Insecticide Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) mostly have chemicals as the object of the evaluation.
The European coun	tries raised the principle of risk prevention in terms of law quite
early and had clear and detailed expressions. The Clean Air Act that Germany issued in
1976 is regarded as the earliest example of risk prevention legislation, demanding for
risk evaluatio	n prevention of air pollution sources with the guidance of this principle;
the framework of risk management by Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and
Environment put forward a application threshold to judge if a specific risk level is
acceptable 	or not, such as death rate or other critical responding indexes to expressly
state the maximum acceptable or negligible risk levels; the EU basic law of the
Maastricht Treaty stipulates that the community’s principle of environmental policy is to
make the 	principle of risk prevention at the height of EU constitution; the Britain’s
Ministry of Environment requests that all activities of environment risk evaluation and
risk management follow the national sustainable development strategy by emphasizing
that if	 major environmental risks exist, even though the present science does not have
enough scientific evidence, actions must be adopted to prevent and reduce the hidden
hazards. Bulletin about Environmental Risk Prevention Principles were passed by EU in

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2002,	 which set up a clear and effective guideline for environmental risk evaluation and
have become the basic principle to follow to make environmental risk evaluation in EU.
Since 1990s, the principle of risk prevention has been successively adopted by the
do	mestic lawful document of Australia. “Prudent treatment of risks and irreversible” is
the basis of principles under discussion and is seen as a target to be realized.
2.1.2.2	 Priority fields
Along with the advancement of theory research and practical work, the en	vironmental
risk assessment and management abroad has experienced a process from accidental risk
to health risks to the process of ecological risk, especially in recent years from single
source, single pathway and single receptor to multi	-source, multi	-pat	hway, multi	-
receptor, and attention range has expanded from local to regional scale, having become
an important trend of the progress of the environmental risk assessment and
management.
 	USA
The current U.S. environmental risk assessment objects in summary	 can be classified
into three categories: chemical technology and its products which have risk to human
health and ecological safety, biological technology and its products and civil nuclear
facilities, nuclear materials and electromagnetic radiation. Alon	g with the changes of
focuses, the continuous expansion of the scope of environmental risk assessment and
management from local to regional development and from biological individual
development to the community and even the whole ecological system, the im	portance of
the interrelated coordination of risk assessment, risk management and risk
communication has become more and more obvious. In the latest issue of the American
EPA Strategic Plan 2011	-2015, the five strategic goals of climate change and
improvem	ent of environmental quality, water environment, community and sustainable
development, chemical safety and pollution prevention and environmental law have all
involved the contents of risk reduction, with particular emphasis on reduction of the risk
of ou	tdoor and indoor air pollutants, the community residents health risks and
assessment and management of chemicals in consumer goods, in workplaces and in the
environment and at the same time making chemicals, ecological degradation and other

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environmental p	roblems caused by risk as the focus of scientific research and
technology innovation.
 	European Union
Chemicals and the environmental risks of industrial activities have been a focus of
European Union environmental risk prevention and control. Since 1960s, 	the European
Union has been strengthening the control of environmental risks of new chemicals and
the existing chemical environment by continuously perfecting the legislation. Article 14
of the European Union’s Regulations on the “Registration, Evaluation,	 Authorization and
Restriction of Chemicals”(REACH) stipulates that safety evaluation of chemicals includes
human health hazard assessment, physical and chemical hazard assessment, the
environmental risk assessment, lasting, biological accumulation and tox	ic assessment
and very durable and very biological accumulation effect assessment, and Article 44
stipulates that the evaluation standard of priority substances based on risk development
shall consider three aspects of information namely toxic information,	 exposure
information and tonnage information; the environmental risk management of EU
industrial enterprises is mainly based on the Seveso Directives promulgated by EU,
which have been developed and perfected step by step in the course of solving the thre	at
to the human health and restoring the environment by major accidental damages during
the industrial development. The main purpose is to prevent the occurrence of major
accident hazards of dangerous chemicals and to weaken or restrict dangerous hazards
after major accidents of chemicals happened.
2.1.2.3	 Methods and models
 	Evaluation of environmental risk
The earliest example of environmental risk assessment is put forward by the Atomic
Energy Commission of the United States. It is a research report on the theor	etical
possibility and consequences of major accidents of major nuclear power plants, the
purpose of which is to reduce losses by risks of nuclear power construction. Generally it
is believed that environmental risk assessment arose in the 1970s, mainly in	 the
developed industrial countries represented by USA. After decades of development, the
risk assessment in general has experienced three stages of development namely the
germination 	- development 	– perfect and its content and method both have been
consid	erably developed. Along with the development of the related basic subjects, the

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EPA has carried out a series of projects and case studies, introduced some new
standards and guidelines and supplemented and reviewed the existing standards and
guidelines. The	 World Health Organization (WHO) has modified EPA’s framework and
put the ecological risk assessment, the risk management, the participation of owners at a
parallel position to further emphasizes the position of managers and owners. Other
countries such as	 Canada, Britain, and Australia also carried out studies on ecological
risk assessment work in the mid	-1990s.
At present, the models of environmental risk assessment are mainly to evaluate
exposures, ecological risk prediction and field risk assessment, etc. There are many
types of pollutants environmental exposure evaluation models, such as EUSES and
GREAT2ER. EU	SES is mainly used in the chemical risk assessment and the exposure
model GREAT2ER that EU established on the basis of GIS can predict distribution of
compounds concentration in unit structures; common models of ecological risk
assessment include EcoFate m	odel and EMSOFT model, etc., EcoFate model is a
collection of compound environment end	-result, accumulation of biological food chain,
eco	-toxicological harm and the human health risk assessment model, and EMSOFT
model is a model evaluating migration and fa	te of pollutants in soil; models of
environmental risk assessment of contaminated sites mainly include CLEA, RBCA, etc.,
CLEA is a model that British officials recommend to use to evaluate contaminated sites
and to obtain soil guide values (SGVs) and RBCA 	(uttales Rebecca) (Risk	-Based
Corrective Action) is a model of standard development. It can be used for risk analysis of
contaminated sites and can also be used to make a risk	-based soil screening values and
to fix target values.
 	Maximum acceptable risk le	vel
Maximum	 acceptable risk level (MARL) is one of the most concerned problems in
environment risk research and is also an important indicator in risk	-cost	-benefit
analysis, which is not conclusive. The risk acceptable level of theoretical research
converted into a s	tandard of the risk management has been widely used in many
developed countries. Based on a large amount of statistical analysis many countries have
given the maximum risk level that citizens can accept. American studies over many years
have shown that MAR	L value is 	10	-6, 10	-8 is negligible risk level. Many organizations or
scholars (such as the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, the Royal Society, ICRP,

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Travis, Gunnar Bengtsson, IAEA, etc.) believe that common hazard level of risk is 	10	-
6~10	-3, MARL 	value is 	10	-6~10	-5 and negligible risk level is	10	-8~10	-7.
 	Environmental risk zoning and mapping
After decades of research and application, a large number of international
environmental risk zoning methods have been formed. Many scholars have established
simple grading and sorting systems, which are based on chemicals, the health risks of
risk areas (or problems), the ecological risk and comprehensive risk zoning and ranking.
In recent years, along with the development of GIS spatial technologies, the
enviro	nmental risk mapping based on environmental risk zoning (environmental risk
mapping, ERM) has become a new field supporting the rapid rise of environmental risk
management, and has provided an important tool for environmental risk management.
Some internat	ional organizations (e.g., the World Health Organization (WHO) and the
developed countries (such as the European Union, the United States, etc.) have paid
attention to the potential use of environmental risk mapping and begun practical
applications.
2.1.2.4	 Instit	ution and policy
 	USA
The environmental risk prevention thoughts have penetrated into many fields and
generally reflected in environmental management decision	-making. The basis of
relevant laws and regulations is relatively complete and many environmental 	laws are
related to the content of the risk prevention, for example, the Clean Water Act, the Clean
Air Act, the toxic Substances Control Act, the Emergency Planning and Community Right	-
to	-Know Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation an	d Liability
Act. A set of related guidelines and guideline systems to guide the work different regions
and fields is formed as well. As for the macro management, the four institutions, namely
U.S. Environmental Protection agency, the Ministry of Agricultur	e, the Food and Drug
Administration, the Commodity Inspection Bureau are mainly responsible for the
environmental risk assessment and management of the federation. The EPA requests
that the enterprises or operators of specific installations prepare and imp	lement the
Risk Management Plan (RMP), which includes risk assessment, prevention plan and
emergency response plan, etc. In view of the national pollution accident emergency oil
and dangerous substances, EPA compiled and implemented the National Contingenc	y
Plan (NCP). The National Emergency Response Center (NRC) as the core of emergency is

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responsible for corresponding coordination of the environment and other emergency
work. The environmental liability insurance and other economic measures are relatively
complete and have played an important role in prevention and control of environmental
risks. In addition, through passing laws and regulations, the publics’ right to know of
environmental risk is guaranteed to capacity.
 	EU
EU 89/391/EEC Framework Directive	 that put forward the concept of risk assessment
long time ago, is the general standard to protect the workers' occupational safety and
health and provides a method framework for lots of other single instruction about
health and safety. In addition, No.793	/93/ EEC and No.93/67/EEC are two specific
instructions of risk assessment. The EU's environmental risk management and security
management are linked rather closely and pay special attention to chemicals and
industrial pollution prevention and control. Thr	ough chemical control legislation, a
series of regulations, directives and decisions are introduced to carry out the
management of hazardous chemicals in the principle of prevention. For example,
"Regulations of Chemical Substances Registration, Evaluation	, Authorization and
Restriction” implemented by EU in 2007 is considered the most important legislation in
the past 20 years, which stipulates about relevant obligation and behaviors of chemical
producers and users. As for the risk management of industrial	 activities, risk
identification and evaluation are made to prevent and control the environmental
pollution accidents caused by industrial activities to realize classification and grading
management, to release a series of instructions and relevant rules a	s well as the Guide
for Major Accidents of Industrial Activities, designed to reduce the happening of
environmental accidents and the impact by the accidents.
In UK, the Inter	-departmental Liaison Group of Risk Assessment (ILGRA) is responsible
for the UK 	government policy making and the practical application of risk evaluation.
The Risk Evaluation and Toxicology Steering Committee as a subordinate body of ILGRA
has the main function to newly develop or improve the risk assessment methods of
chemical risks 	to human health. In 2011, the Department of Environment, Food and
Agricultural Affairs revised and issued "Environmental Risk Assessment and
Management Guidelines. The revision is mainly manifested in the new thinking of
combination risk communication with	 public participation in the decision making
process. The National Center of Risk Analysis and Plan Evaluation of UK Environment

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Agency are responsible for assessment of environmental risks, guidance on how to avoid
or reduce the risk and making the societ	y and industry bear the reasonable expenses.
The UK Health and Safety Executive Board and the Ministry of Health have established
more than 10 occupational health and safety guidelines.

2.2	 Current status of environmental planning, risk assessment and
managem	ent
 Environmental planning and management 	 	2.2.1
2.2.1.1	 History of environment planning development
In general, China's environmental planning and management theory and practice
research can be divided into three stages: the first is the initial stage (1973	-1983),
during which successively the first meeting of the national environmental protection
was held, the 32 words ( Comprehensive planning, rational layout, comprehensive
utilization, harm to benefit, rely on the masses, all together, protect environment, the
be	nefit of the people) environmental protection policy and Provisions of Protecting and
Improving Environment were examined and approved, the environmental protection
leading group was set up, the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of
Chin	a (Trial) was passed and it was clarified that the environmental protection is a basic
national policy of China. The second is a development phase, during which the State
Council made the Decisions about Environmental Protection Work and established the
en	vironmental protection committee of the State Council and then the state council set
up the National Environmental Protection Bureau. In 1992, the "Ten Countermeasures
on Environment and Development" was made to explicitly put forward the guiding
ideology 	of sustainable development. Here, the state successively formulated and
revised a number of environmental protection laws, regulations, policies, standards, etc.;
the third is a deepening phase (1996 	- present), during which the "Decisions on some
issues o	f environmental protection" was promulgated in 1996 and the state started two
major measures which are the implementation of pollutant total amount control and the
trans	-century green engineering plan, and ensured that the "three rivers, three lakes and
tw	o regions" are key areas to be controlled. The "National Environmental Protection"
Twelfth Five	-year Plan" promulgated in 2011 lists risk prevention as one of the main
tasks of environmental protection for the first time.

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2.2.1.2	 Environmental planning research an	d practice
Since the kickoff of "11th Five	-year Plan", the regional environmental planning has been
placed in an important position. Chinese researchers launched discussions on the
formulation and implementation of regional environment planning from diffe	rent
perspectives. For example, Zhang Jingxiang	1 believes that the transformation from
"ultimate reasonable goal" of regional planning to the concrete "action process" is the
key to the success of regional planning, and planning objectives should be limite	d, while
Gao Changbo	2 introduces the Circular Economy Theory to the environmental protection
planning of the Pearl River Delta, and proposes the theory of environmental protection
planning to pay more attention to waste emission reduction, clean production	, ecological
industries and regional waste recycling.
As environmental risk prevention and control has drawn more and more attention, it
has been put into the environmental planning as one of the main tasks and planning
objectives. The planning puts forwar	d the risk mitigation measures and tasks on the
basis of risk identification and analysis and evaluation of key risk areas and main risk
problems to promote the realization of risk prevention and control goals. Huangpu
District of Guangzhou City, in 2007, 	began to organize the formulation of environmental
protection planning, which tentatively conducted environmental risk management
planning. Li Mingguang and others took the planning as an example and discussed the
idea of regional environmental risk manage	ment planning and believed that as the
regions’ increasing demand for environmental risk management and along with the
increasing maturity of the regional environmental risk assessment technology, regions
will surely request to incorporate environmental ri	sk into the environmental planning	3.
Both the Planning Outline of Creating National Environmental Protection Model City and
the Overall Planning Outline of Environmental Protection for Pilot Cities put the
“safeguard of urban environmental safety” as one 	of the main tasks, and required to
establish a fully preventative and controllable environmental risk prevention and

1 Zhang Jingxiang, Wu Qiyan	. Preparation and implementation of regional planning in the new period[J],
Economic Geography. 	2001	: 9	(5)	: 513	-526	. 	2 Gao Changbo, Chen Xingeng, Peng Xiaochun, et al. On the Environmental Planning Strategy of the Pearl River
Delta, based on the Concept of	 Circular Economy[J]. Ecology Economic. 	2006(7)	 	3 Li Mingguang, Zhang Yalan, Yu Huaiyi, et al. Regional envrionmental management planning	- a case study in
Guangzhou Huangpu district. Guangzhou Environmental Sciences. 	2009, 24(1)	: 35	-39

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control system, and to strengthen the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution
and chemical risks. In recent years, the Heavy Metal 	Pollution Prevention and Control
Planning of Lingwu Section at the Upstream of Beijiang River in the Pearl River Basin,
the Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment and Risk Control Planning of Yongxing County
and other planning all put “regional environmental ris	k prevention and control of heavy
metals” as the goal and, by focusing on regional environmental risk problem
identification and risk assessment, put forward the planning objectives, main tasks and
key projects. Based on the risk assessment about health an	d ecology, the key area and
pollution sources will be find out, and then some suggestion and project which focus on
the risk control will be given. Such as the history contamination site remediation,
ecological environmental quality improvement, reduction 	of the total emission of
pollutants.
2.2.1.3	 Problems and challenges
The Chinese environmental planning theory system and the technologies are still
imperfect. At present, the practice is biased with compilation over implementation.
Confined to planning formulati	on, few studies have been made on how to execute plans,
what means to use to guarantee the smooth implementation of plans and realization of
goals. Moreover, the simplicity of the technologies and methods of environmental
planning is not able to meet the r	equirements of time	-varying, high order and
complexity of the complex system of regional environment. Finally, the fact that the
analysis of present status of the planning is blurred may cause planning being lack of
targets and not highlighting main points	, while whether the proposed key project can
solve the current problems and achieve the goal of planning cannot be precisely judged.

Environment risk assessment and management 	 	2.2.2
2.2.2.1	 Major environmental risks, current status and trend
(1) Identification of 	major environmental risks
China is now in an important historical period of accelerating the modernization. In the
traditional mode of industrialization, the increasing GDP is mostly based on
overdrawing resources and environment and public health. The env	ironmental
problems that the developed countries experienced in different stages of nearly a
century for industrialization are taking places in China at the same time. The grim

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situation of environmental security and the serious environment pollution statu	s have
raised the environmental risk of public health, social security and the ecological
environment quality. There are many major environmental risk problems, including the
facts that acute environmental pollution accidents occur frequently, the sources 	of
drinking water are frequently threatened by pollutions, large amount of persistent
organics spread widely, hazardous wastes and chemicals regulation is of imperfection,
etc.
(2) Analysis of situation and trend of environmental risk
Compared with the de	veloped countries, the situation in China is more serious. The
reasons for that are: firstly, the economic foundation of the environmental governance is
still relatively weak; secondly, rigid demands for economic development is very strong
as China's econo	my is now still in the 8% ~ 12% annual growth rate of GDP of high	-
speed growth and the strong demand for economic development means a great
environmental stress; thirdly, there is a big gap of emergency management mechanism
for acute accidents of environme	nt pollution compared with the developed countries;
fourthly, the widening gap between the rich and the poor, food securities and securities
of public facilities and environment are all overlapped with the environment as
contradictions and the public are n	ow highly environmentally sensitive and fragile. At
present, China's complaint and mass events initiated by environmental problems are
rising at an annual rate of 30%	4. That a series of environmental pollution incidents
occurred consecutively indicates 	that China has entered a period of highlighted
environmental risk and frequent environmental pollution accidents which may last for
the next 10 years.
2.2.2.2	 Basic principles, key areas, methods, models and policies of environment
risk management
(1) Basic princ	iples of environment risk management
The whole process management and priority management are the two important
strategies and basic principles in Chinese environmental risk management processes.
The former is mainly based on environmental risk dynamics an	d heterogeneity to
emphasize prior prevention, emergency responses and rehabilitation and compensation

4 China statictical	 yearbook on environmental.

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afterwards; the latter is based on the requirements of optimization under certain
conditions in environmental risk management. Due to constraint factors 	such as society,
economy and technology, environmental risk managers often need to follow the
principle of "priority management" to optimize the implementation effect at a certain
cost.
In the ten current laws, only the Marine Environmental Protection Law 	gets "risk"
involved and stipulates “in accordance with the principle that the ship owner and the
cargo owner will share the risk of paying for compensation of the marine oil pollution
liability, the compensation funds are established for ship oil pollutio	n insurance and oil
pollution damages”. In the dozens of administrative rules and regulations on
environmental pollution control, the risk prevention and evaluation were only
mentioned in the Decision on Implementation of the Scientific Concept of Developm	ent
and Strengthening Environmental Protection and Regulation of Radioactive Goods
Transportation Safety Management.
(2) 	Key fields of environment risk management
The "Twelfth Five	-Year Plan" clearly points out “to strengthen the environmental risk
prevent	ion and control of key fields". At this stage, the planning focuses on heavy metal,
hazardous wastes, persistent organic pollutants and enterprises that produce and use
dangerous chemicals, which shall improve the environmental risk management
measures and	 establish environmental accident disposal and damage compensation
recovery mechanism. And around the nuclear and radiation, industrial and regional
heavy metal pollution control, solid waste, chemicals and other key bodies, the tasks and
goals of environm	ental risk management are put forward.
(3) M	ethods and models of environment risk management
 	Identification and analysis of environmental risks
The environmental risk identification is a process that the environmental risk factors of
a system bringing envi	ronmental risks to human society and ecological system are
identified. The process of analyzing inducing factors and the possible impact of risk on
the basis of identification is the analysis of environmental risk. Methods such as expert
investigation meth	od, safety inspection table method, critical mass comparison method,
the fault tree analysis method, event analysis method and bow	-tie analysis, which

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connect fault tree analysis and event tree analysis . bow	-tie analysis has been used in
environmental ris	k identification and analysis.
 	Environmental risk assessment
The objects of environmental risk assessment include chemicals and pollutants,
construction project, regions (basins) and contaminated sites. The evaluation results can
serve daily environmental 	monitoring and accident prevention and emergency
responses. Different types of environmental risk assessment are briefly described in
Table A	-1 of Appendix A.
To standardize the technologies and methods of environmental risk assessment and
better serve the	 environmental risk management decision	-making, China has issued a
number of technical guidance and determined technical specifications for environmental
risk assessment according to different objects and purposes. The technical specifications
of environme	ntal risk assessments are listed in Table A	-2 of Appendix A.
 	Proposal and screening of environmental risk prevention and control measures
On the basis of environmental risk assessment and the level of risk source, reduction of
source intensity and probabil	ity and risk receptor protection, the risk prevention and
control measures such as the hazardous source management, risk management system
construction, monitoring and warning devices, and emergency response plan could be
proposed. Methods could be used fo	r screening prevention and control measures
include cost effect analysis, entropy	-TOPSIS method, the multi	-objective integer
programming, principal component analysis method, etc.
(4) P	olicy and institution of environment risk management
In order to reduce	 the environmental risks of dangerous chemicals, new chemical
substance, acute environmental pollution incidents of construction project and regional
basin, relevant policies have been issued, being governed from perspectives of
registration and record, se	arching for hidden perils by checks, classification, gradation
and multi	-sectorial joint supervision regulation, liability insurance, emergency response,
etc, which are shown in Table A	-3 of Appendix A.
But environmental risk management has not yet officia	lly been involved in China's
relevant laws and regulations and no concrete and complete management system has
been formed. The regulations about environmental risk management system by the

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Chinese law are still by principle and rough and have not reached t	he point of legal
standardization, routinization and institutionalization.
2.2.2.3	 Problems and challenges
With the deepening of the academic research and on the publishing of environmental
risk management legislation, policy and systems, the risk prevention and 	management
has become a hot focus. In general, the current environmental risk assessment and the
prevention and control still have the following problems:
(1) Different from foreign environmental risk assessment and regulatory objects, which
are chemicals 	and pollutants, and out of the monitoring and control of hazardous
chemicals, prevention and control of environmental risks by acute accidents,
environmental risk classification management on construction projects and regional
watershed, etc., the objects 	of the environment risk assessment and management
include chemicals, construction projects, industrial parks and regional (basin), etc. The
corresponding evaluation methods and the technical specifications are published in
parallel. However, due to lack of	 top design for the system and each department
separately making rules, the documents and guidelines have crossings and some
enterprises face duplicate regulation problems.
(2) The current environmental risk management mostly relies on the investigation,
troubleshooting and regulation by government departments, the enterprises are not
carrying out enough risk management as their main responsibilities and most
enterprises are lack of awareness of environmental risk management and the
enthusiasm is not high e	nough. In addition, the environmental risk management is of
more administrative control measures. Although the environmental pollution liability
insurance and other economic means are applied, because of the lack of laws and
regulations, policy system and 	technical methods to form a complete set, its application
effect is not ideal.
(3) The targets of environmental risk prevention and control are not clear and the
means are unknown. We don’t know the acceptable level of environmental risk and
neither do not	 know what exact method we can carry out to reduce the risk under the
acceptable level. Under the current stage of economic development, environment and
the public demands and facing the present situation which is becoming more and more
serious, what is th	e goal of environmental risk control and how to determine it are still

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problems to be solved. Therefore, the environmental risk management becomes a
hindrance. In addition, the lack of research on the effects of risk control measures has
led to that the le	vel of current environmental risk regulation couldn’t be determined and
there is no way to analyze whether the objectives of the risk control could be achieved.

Applications of GAINS model and CGE model 	 	2.2.3
2.2.3.1	 GAINS model
The Greenhouse gases and Air pollution	 Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model
reflects the information of gaseous pollutants and greenhouse gas, such as their sources,
influences and interactions between the two, along with the data of economic
development, structure, the potential control m	ethod and costs of the emission sources.
It is also composed of the formation and diffusion of atmospheric pollutants and the
environment impact assessment of the pollution. The model simulates the effects of
gaseous pollutants on human health, including t	he fine particulate matters, ground level
ozone and its damage to plants, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem acidification and
effects of excess nitrogen deposition on soil. GAINS model can also describe the complex
effects of pollutants such as O	2, NOx, PM	, NMVOC, NH	3, CO	2, CH	4, N	2O and fluorine	-
containing gases.
The application of GAINS model in China has just started. Tsinghua University and the
Institute of Agricultural Environment, Energy Research and Sustainable Development of
Chinese Academy of Agricu	ltural Sciences are applying it to the scenario research of
greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants emissions and other field. The Geosciences
Center of Tsinghua University and the International Institute for Applied System
Analysis of Austria (IIASA) are 	conducting an international cooperation project named
"The development and application of GAINS 	- City model in Chinese cities". The project,
taking GAINS as the chief source, develops the city version and applies it in China to
quantitatively assess the g	reenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions in the course of
urbanization and to look schemes of emission reduction. Li Yingchun	5 and other
scholars from the Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development of

5 Li Yingchun	. Agricultural nitrous oxide emissions and mitigation potential in China[D]. 2009. 	Institute of
Agricultural Environment	: Beijing

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Chinese Academy of Agricultur	al Sciences have used GAINS model for studies of
agricultural nitrous oxide emissions scenario and emissions reduction potential of
China. Li use GAINS model to estimate the SO	2 emission of the manure management
system. The research needed the factors as f	ollows: (1) all kinds of animals in the solid
waste treatment system and liquid manure treatment system; (2) nitrogen excretion
rate; (3) the nitrogen volatilization rate of the manure indoor and outdoor storage; (4)
the annual milk yield.	 The GAINS model 	includes the activity data and emission factors
input module, method of reducing N	2O emissions, the leaching of N, computing module
and result output module.
GAINS model can be used in the field of regional air pollution risk about health and
ecology, and 	it can simulate the concentration and distribution of the pollutant, as well
as the analysis of relationship between pollution emission and health and ecology
damage. Recently, there are few institutions use GAINS in the field of air pollution and
climate 	change simulation, it is necessary to carry out some training about GAINS in
China, let more researchers know and use the GAINS model.
2.2.3.2	 CGE model
The research of Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model started relatively late in
China. The main work is 	to analyze the transformation characteristics during China's
economic reforms. Feng Shan	6 in 1989 established the earliest multi	-sectoral CGE model
of China 	- C-CGE. In 1995, the Development Center of the State Council of China had an
international coopera	tion with the OECD Development Research Center and developed a
prototype of CGE model of China’s economy containing 64 departments. Since then, the
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences also had cooperation successively with Monash
University of Australia and	 the Netherlands Central Planning Agency. Based on ORANI	-G
framework, they introduced the Chinese economic characteristics during the transition
since the 1990s into the model, including the new changes of economic system (i.e.,
trade system) and developme	nt pattern and built a CGE model of the Chinese economy 	--
PRCGEM	7. on the inheritance of Australia's Monash model, it also developed a general

6 Feng 	Shan	. Computable general equilibrium model C	-CGE of Chinese economy system[J].	 System engineering
theory and practice. 1989:4:32	-39	 	7 Fan Mingtai, Zheng Yuqin. 	General equilibrium analysis of impacts of trade liberalization in Chinese
economy[J]. World Economy. 2000:4:16	-26

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equilibrium model for China's economy trends. In the model, by simulating the influence
to industrial structures	 and employment factors through labor supply increase and
three different technology progress factors 	- intermediate input economical, labor
saving, and capital saving technical improvement, China's economic growth and
structural changes are analyzed on me	dium to longer terms. Duan Zhigang	8 established
a computable general equilibrium model reflecting commodity trade between regions,
the Labor factor flow, the middle and secondary tax and expenditure system of local
government at the Provincial level charac	terizing regional economy, Provincial Dual
Region Computable General Equilibrium Model, (Hereinafter referred to as PDRCGE).
Fan Taiming and Zheng Yuqin used agriculture CGE to analyze the food security impact
of China’s trade liberalization. The static p	art contained production decision module,
domestic final demand module, international trade module, price, market clearing, the
total amount of definition, the supply of factors. And the characteristic of the agriculture
CGE was the agricultural products c	lassification, agricultural policy tools and its
mechanism of action refinement, and rural independent distinguish.	9 Fan’s research
supported the free trade negotiation.
Huang Yingna	 used Chinese environmental CGE to analyze the economic impact of
cleaner production and pollution tax subsidies and the relationship between capital,
labor and energy	10.
At present, the Chinese scholars are using CGE model in the fields such as environment	al
protection tax and price policy making, environment pollution prevention and control
policies concerning water, air and solid waste, emissions trading, reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions, climate disaster impact assessment, water source pricing,
wate	r rights policy research, land resources and mineral resources price policy research.
But the hypothesis of the CGE model is still exist and the uncertainty of the model
sometimes is hard to control, they are the difficult problems of carrying out the rese	arch

8 Duan Zhigang, 	Li Shantong, Wang Qiwen. Analysis of input 	coefficient change in Chinese input	-output
table[J]. China soft science. 2006: 8:58	-64 	9 Fan Taiming, Zheng Yuqin, Qi Shuchang, et, al. China’s trade liberalization and its impact on food security	- an
application analysis of Chinese agriculture based on CG	E model[J]. Agriculture economy. 2005: supplement: 3	-
13 10 Huang Yingna, Zhang Wei, Wang Xuejun	. An econometric estimation and selection on the production
funciton in an environmnetal CGE model[J]. Acta scientiae circumstantiae. 2003. 23(3): 350	-354

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result to decision making. Actually only few research by the CGE model can give support
to simulate the scene of pollution control and other environmental regulation, but it still
need more practice.
3 	Research and Practice at Provincial and City Level
3.1	 Jiangsu Province
Jiangsu is a province on the east coast of China, north of Shanghai, with a population of
79 million and an area of 102,600 km	2 (roughly the size of Iceland). The capital of
Jiangsu is Nanjing (pop. 8.2 million). Jiangsu is an economical	ly advanced province with
one of the highest GDP per capita (68 347 RMB, 2012) and economic growth rates in
China. Economic development is, however, primarily concentrated in the southern part
of the province. Since 1949, Jiangsu has developed heavy indust	ries such as chemicals
industry and construction materials. Today, the most important industries are
machinery, chemicals, electronics, automobiles and solar industry. The majority of the
population in Jiangsu lives in densely populated urban areas where e	nvironmental risk
factors are complicated and numerous, road capacity is relatively insufficient, and the
access to space and natural and ecological lands is rare.
 Environmental risk introduction and its characteristic analysis 	 	3.1.1
3.1.1.1	 Environmental risk introdu	ction
Jiangsu Province now is in a rapid economic growth period and its economic
development model is changing from extensive economy to intensive economy. As
Jiangsu is a province with rapid urbanization, the majority of its population inhabits
cities an	d towns where risk factors are complicated and numerous, population and
buildings are very dense, open space and natural and ecological lands are rare and road
capacity is relatively insufficient. This goes against taking emergency measures to
evacuate pop	ulation in case of sudden environmental events. Once a major
environmental risk spreads to the cities and towns, it may evolve into an omnibearing
crisis and brings the cities and towns to a standstill.

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In such a great background, Jiangsu faces more enviro	nmental risk factors than ever and
other cities. The data released by the Ministry of Environmental Protection	11 indicates
that in 2004	-2009, Jiangsu had totally 55 sudden environmental events, ranking the
second in the country, and it included 3 extremely 	consequential events (totally 8 in the
country) and 5 consequential environmental events.
3.1.1.2	 Environmental risk characteristic
From the environmental safety event information handled by Jiangsu Environmental
Emergency Response and Accident Investigation 	Center, check for environmental risks
and chemicals for major industries and enterprises in Jiangsu, check for potential
environmental safety hazards in the whole province and 100	-day major environmental
safety inspection, it is summarized that environment	al risks in Jiangsu Province have the
following characteristics in regional and industrial distribution, formation and breakout
mechanism.
(1) Risk sources are large in total, small scaled and dispersedly distributed.
Jiangsu is a big chemical industry p	rovince and has totally 38,000 chemical
enterprises	12. The Ministry of Environmental Protection carried out check work for
environmental risks and chemicals for major industries and enterprises in the country
in 2010.

Jiangs
Guangd
Zhejia
Shando
Hunan
Hebei
Jianx
Liaoni
Shangh
Henan
Sichua
Anhui
Fujia
Hubei
Shans
Tianji
Guangx
Shaanx
Beijin
Yunna
Chongq
Jilin
Inner M
Guizho
Helong
Xinjia
Gansu
Ningxi
Haina
Qingha
Tibet

11 China	 Statistical Yearbook on the Environment 2004	-2009.	 	12 Report on the	 major 	industries environmental risk and hazardous chemical examination in Jiamgsu province.

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u ong
ng ng 	i ng 	ai 	n 	n 	i 	n 	i 	i 	g 	n 	ing
ongolia
u 	jiang
ng 	a 	n i

Figure 	3.1 	Number of Major Environmental 	Risk Source Enterprises in Provinces in
China

According to the critical quantity of the chemical in the enterprise, Jiangsu have 10,332
enterprises which the quantity of chemical is higher than the critical quantity,
accounting for 14.6% total number of 	enterprises checked in China and ranking the first
among provinces and cities (see Figure 3	-1). Environmental safety information
statistical data	13 shows that traffic accidents have become an important factor that
induces environmental pollution events whil	e supervision and control of mobile source
environmental risks is difficult and urgently needs recognition and enhancement.
 (2) Regional distribution of environmental risks is highly different
Due to different distribution factors and environmental risk prevention and control and
emergency response capability among industries and trades, regional difference of
environmental risk distribution in Jiangsu Province is high. From the statistical resu	lts of
major risk source enterprises (Figure 3	-2), it can be seen that Suzhou, Wuxi and
Changzhou, three municipalities directly controlled by the provincial government, have
the largest number of major risk source enterprises. Because of large quantities 	of major
risk source enterprises and compact distribution, the environmental risk triggered by
distribution is prominent. In addition, environmental safety event quantity and risk
source distribution show a significant correlation. Statistical results in 2	007	-2010
indicate that Nanjing, Wuxi, Zhenjiang and Changzhou, four cities in south Jiangsu, had
the largest number of environmental safety events while Xuzhou, Huaian, Lianyungang
and Suqian Cities had the smallest number. As most chemical and petrochemic	al
projects are distributed in South Jiangsu and regional economic development is rapid,

13 China statictical yearbook on environment 2004	-2009.

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the total number of environmental safety events is larger and the hidden environmental
risk as a whole is greater in the South Jiangsu than in the central and North Ji	angsu. Due
to difference in environmental management and emergency response capability,
however, environmental risk, if broken out in the North Jiangsu, is more liable to cause
sudden consequential and extremely consequential events.

Figure 	3.2 	Number of Major Environmental Risk Source Enterprises in
Municipalities Directly Controlled by Jiangsu Provincial Government

(3) Chemical raw materials and chemicals manufacturing industry has a
promine	nt environmental risk
Chemical raw materials and chemicals manufacturing industry is an industry that
involves the most environmental safety information and such enterprises use various
chemicals in production and have a long process flow, many side reacti	ons, complicated
operating conditions and equipment and many various leak points and dangerous links.
The waste discharged by them often contains chemical substances that are toxic and
hazardous or difficult to naturally degrade and tends to cause leakage 	and further
environmental risk accidents, thus environmental risk is relatively prominent.

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Tabell 	3.1 	Environmental Safety Information Quantity for Major
Industries(2010)

Name of industries
involved
Environmental safety
information quantity
(piece)
Percentage (%)
1 Chemical raw materials and chemicals
manufacturing industry	 	172	 	69.4	％
2 Petroleum refining, coking and nuclear fuel
processing industry	 	15	 	6％
3 Waste resources and waste and old
materials recovery and processing industry	 	11	 	4.4	％
4 Medicine manufacturing industry	 	6 	2.4	％
5 Water production and supply industry	 	4 	1.6	％
6 Other industries	 	40	 	16.2	％

(4) Structural and distribution environmental risks keep emerging
Jiangsu Province has a large number of high	-risk industries and enterprises whose
production value is high and percentage is large. Such industrial structure leads to high
overall environmental risk in Jiangsu. Some of them were built in 1980s and have
bac	kward production processes and aged equipment and some even have exceeded the
scrapping year, thus having a great hidden environmental risk. The large number of such
high	-risk enterprises and high percentage of heavy chemical industry give rise to high
fre	quency of sudden environmental events in Jiangsu Province. Furthermore, many
heavy chemical enterprises are built along rivers, near lakes and adjacent to the sea and
some even are distributed in the upper reaches of urban drinking water source
protection 	zone or adjacent to concentrated residential areas. Once an accident occurs, it
will directly threaten the safety of hundreds of thousands of people. Distribution hidden
environmental risk and structural environmental risk will substitute individual
pollut	ions and become the main environmental risk that is here to stay in Jiangsu
Province.

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3.1.1.3	 Environmental event characteristic and genetic analysis
Environmental risk source is formed and characterized by many factors and new
features keep emerging as the 	situation changes. For some environmental pollution
events, the direct cause is enterprises’ safe production or natural disasters and it reflects
the problems accumulated by extensive and unplanned economic growth models at a
deeper level.
(1) Heavy chemic	al industry percentage is high and high risk enterprise quantity
is large
Due to undue emphasis on economic development and especially the growth of GDP,
leaders in some places think that pure economic growth equals to economic
development. In order to pur	sue GDP growth, they blindly introduce high input, high
consumption, high emission and high environmental risk enterprises, which make the
percentage of the heavy chemical industry grow continuously to increase regional
environmental risk. Jiangsu is a big	 industrial province and a big chemical province and
all cities along rivers choose the heavy chemical industry as the main industry for major
development along the rivers.
(2) Some risk enterprises are located in environmentally sensitive areas and
accide	nt hazard is great
For many factors such as historical reasons and developing speed, risk source
enterprises in Jiangsu are in large quantities and some enterprises are not reasonably
distributed and are close to environmentally sensitive areas such as dri	nking water
source areas and residential areas. Once a sudden environmental event occurs, the
consequence will be very severe.
The inspection results of environmental risks and chemicals for major industries and
enterprises in 2009 show that the number of risk source enterprises in the Taihu Lake,
Changjiang River and Huaihe River basins is 72% total. Quite a few major rivers and
lakes in these three basins are important drinking water source areas whose safety is
much threatened by pollution discharge ports into the rivers. Following the blue algae
event in the Taihu Lake, almost all water intakes of all cities along the river in 	Jiangsu
are from the Changjiang River but in the same time a large number of heavy chemical
enterprises and especially some enterprises that produce and use extremely toxic
substances (chromic salt, sodium cyanide) are also distributed along the Changjiang

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River. Pollution discharge ports and waterworks water intakes are staggered. More
serious is that spare water sources for all cities are also in the Changjiang River and they
cannot play a due role in case of emergency.
Secondly, in some cities and indus	trial development zones, due to lack of rational
planning, disordered industrial distribution, mixed industrial areas and residential
areas, energy pipe networks are spread underground all over cities and extensive
construction of petrochemical and organic	 chemical areas leads to more and more
frequent occurrence of environmental events. The consequences are more and more
serious and mitigation measures are more and more complicated.
(3) Environmental emergency management force is weak and difficult to res	pond
to the austere situation
In emergency materials, some enterprises lack environmental emergency facilities and
equipment, park zones and administrative regions fail to reserve emergency rescue
materials according to risk factors and environmental pollu	tion accident types. After an
accident occurs, pollution cannot be treated promptly and thus event influence becomes
serious and the situation is further deteriorated. Presently in some regions in Jiangsu, an
emergency rescue team has not been organized fo	r accidents and pollutants and the
emergency rescue team lacks professional knowledge and is not experienced. After an
accident occurs, the emergency rescue team cannot be assembled and dispatched
smoothly and cannot carry out emergency response work in an	 ordered and highly
efficient way. Due to lack of guidance by knowledgeable experts with actual working
experience, improper accident emergency measures will cause secondary pollution.

Present situation of environmental risk management in Jiangsu Provinc	e 	3.1.2
3.1.2.1	 Environmental risk evaluation and management
(1) Check hidden environmental risks
Jiangsu Province started to check environmental risks and chemicals for major
industries and enterprises in the country in 2009 and now has completed basic
environmental 	risk information entry for more than 7,000 enterprises and found out
environmental risks for chemical industry enterprises. It has a comprehensive
knowledge of raw materials, products, types and quantities for chemicals manufacturing

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industry, petrochemica	l industry and medical industry, a comprehensive knowledge of
distribution of environmental risk sources in basins, a comprehensive knowledge of
enterprise environmental risk unit risk prevention situation, a comprehensive
knowledge of enterprises’ environ	mental emergency disposition and emergency rescue
resources and a comprehensive knowledge of distribution of environmental protection
targets around enterprises.
It comprehensively organized and carried out special check actions for potential
environmenta	l safety hazards and defined and rectified potential environmental safety
hazards by checking on the spot, establishing archives, urging to handle by levels and
supervising at provincial level. At the same time, Jiangsu Department of Environmental
Protecti	on(EPB), in accordance with the deployment of the State Council, organized and
carried out a major check for land sourced oil spill risks in the coast area in the province
jointly with six departments including the Department of Land Resources. They checke	d
all land sourced oil spill risk sources in Nantong, Yancheng and Lianyungang Cities and
have basically known the land sourced oil spill risk sources in Jiangsu.
By determining the environmental risk level evaluation methods for centralized
drinking water	 source areas and chemical park zones, it organized and carried out
environmental protection department self evaluation and expert on	-the	-spot evaluation
to find out regional environmental risk level.
According to environmental risk check results, it formu	lates the major environmental
risk enterprise rectification and prevention and control scheme in Jiangsu Province and
carries out rectification and improvement actions. It establishes major environmental
risk enterprise elimination mechanism and organizes 	and carries out the special
rectification and check action for potential environmental safety hazards. It includes the
annual special major environmental risk rectification and check in the local
government’s annual assessment and implements regional restr	icted approval for the
regions that still have a relatively high environmental risk after rectification.
(2) Establish sudden environmental event emergency plan system
For the problems existing in Jiangsu’s emergency plan such as low operability and
practi	cability and that plan preparation becomes a mere formality, it includes plan
contents in the routine environmental law enforcement range and carries out plan

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management in five aspects of risk evaluation, professional compilation, professional
audit, publ	ication for operation and periodical check.
Push forward the standard compilation of emergency plans at enterprise, park
zone, department and sensitive target levels. 	It issued the “Guidelines for Compiling
the Emergency Plan for Sudden Environmental Event	s in Jiangsu Province” for risk
sources and risk source concentrated areas, completed the “Guidelines for Compiling the
Emergency Plan of Sudden Environmental Events for Environmental Protection
Authorities in Jiangsu Province” and compiled the “Guidelines	 for Compiling the
Emergency Plan of Sudden Environmental Events for Sensitive Protection Targets in
Jiangsu Province”. In addition, it compiled the “Emergency Plan for Sudden
Environmental Events of Jiangsu Department of Environmental Protection” (2009
re	vision) and printed and issued the “Emergency Plan for Sudden Pollution Events in
Centralized Drinking Water Sources in Jiangsu Province” jointly with Jiangsu
Department of Water Resources and Jiangsu Department of Health.
It carried out experimental spot 	work for whole process management including
emergency plan compilation, evaluation, archiving and drilling. 	In plan compilation,
it chooses chemical enterprises, dangerous chemicals warehousing organizations, waste
water plants and papermaking and printing	 and dyeing enterprises to compile the
emergency plan, which is very typical. In plan evaluation, environmental protection
authorities, enterprises and scientific research institutes participate to a different extent.
In archiving, environmental protection	 authorities play a leading role and have basically
developed a unified archiving form and preliminarily summarized and made a whole
plan process management model. In compilation, enterprises are the first responsible
subject and depending on the actual co	nditions, implement the requirements of the
“Guidelines” by self	-compiling or entrusting the third party with compilation. In
evaluation, enterprises’ internal audit and expert external audit are combined and the
environmental protection authorities audit 	the elements and forms for the enterprises’
plan compilation. Archiving is made by class and level according to enterprise
environmental risk levels. Major risk sources are archived in the provincial department,
relatively large risk sources are archived i	n the municipal bureau and average risk
sources are archived at the county and district level.

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(3) Establish the early warning and monitoring system
Enhance scientific and technological early warning level. 	By relying on the “1831”
14ecological monitoring platform project, complete the experimental spot chemical park
zone monitoring and early warning project and develop the remote monitoring and
early warning capability for water and air environmental risks. Initiate the construction
of the provincial environmental protection emergency monitoring center project, realize
dynamic monitoring and early warning for major pollution sources in the Taihu Lake
basin area, improve the environmental risk information release platform and quick
rele	ase mechanism, periodically or aperiodically release various environmental risk
information, strengthen early warning response capability building and standardize and
refine various early warning response measures and coordination and interaction
mechanism	.
Regulate information reporting work. 	The “Notification on Further Strengthening
Environmental Emergency Information Reporting Work” was issued to establish the
“daily reporting” system for sudden environmental event information in the provincial
environm	ental protection system and it requires environmental protection bureaus of
all municipalities directly controlled by the provincial government to daily summarize
and report the 24h sudden environmental event information to Jiangsu Department of
Environmen	tal Protection. In addition, several documents including the “Notification on
Further Strengthening Sudden Environmental Event Information Reporting Work” and
the “Notification on Further Regulating Sudden Environmental Event Information
Reporting Work” we	re issued to clearly specify the range, time limit and format of
sudden environmental event information reporting and the level of the provincial
sudden environmental event information reporting work is thus enhanced significantly.
Strengthen the risk ear	ly warning work for environmentally sensitive protection
targets like drinking water source area. 	Focusing on safety control work for drinking

14 1831 means one ecological environmental	 monitoring platform, eight sub monitoring systems, such as
drinking water sources, water environment, atmospheric environment and so on, there class ecology center at
province, city, county, and one data management 	module.

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water source areas, Jiangsu Province carried out drinking water source area patrol
inspection and daily reporting	 work. It chooses the regions with low risk resistance
ability to conduct potential environmental safety hazard pilot check for intra	-regional
drinking water source areas and prepares the provincial drinking water source area
environmental risk resistance 	ability project construction scheme. It has completed the
construction scheme for the system of environmental risk level evaluation for
centralized drinking water source areas at county level and above and drinking water
source area prevention and control 	and the eight cities along the river have formulated
the emergency treatment implementation scheme for sudden pollution events in the
Changjiang drinking water source area. Thus the environmental safety guarantee ability
for drinking water source areas is 	further enhanced.
Increase environmental emergency attendance and dispatch force. 	The province
has arranged a departmental general attendance (emergency attendance) room,
established and improved the sudden environmental event information analysis,
report	ing and attendance special reporting system and realized a top	-to	-bottom 24h
emergency attendance system in the province. Jiangsu Department of Environmental
Protection revised and issued the “Measures of Jiangsu Province for Reporting Sudden
Environmental	 Event Information” to quarterly report the situation of environmental
safety information reporting and emergency attendance in the province and further
promote the execution of the 24h emergency attendance system in all places. It exercises
strict managem	ent and periodically carries out the provincial environmental emergency
attendance dispatch to ensure smooth communication. It strengthens the emergency
preparation work for personnel, vehicles, materials, instruments and equipment.
(4) Rapidly push forwar	d the building of the emergency response system
In 2013, the provincial environmental emergency response team ability building is
accelerated and with the “provincial level environmental emergency response team
abilit	y first class standard pilot creation”	 as a	n opportunity, the provincial, municipal
and county level environmental emergency response and risk management organization
system is built and improved. Construction of emergency command systems at all levels
is quickened. The provincial level enviro	nmental emergency response mobile command
platform optimization and upgrading project was smoothly completed and the advanced
“space earth integration” concept and the mature technology of satellite communication

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in statics were used to meet the all weathe	r work need of the mobile command platform.
Input of emergency vehicles and equipment was increased.
Environmental protection authorities in all places take th	e “five earliest	-times” action to
cooperate with the department concerned in handling and respon	din	g to the events
under the unified leadership of the government. Perform emergency monitoring for the
surrounding environment involved by the accidents and provide data support for
judging pollution trend in a scientific way. Organize related experts to 	actively study and
discuss and propose the technical scheme for promptly and effectively handling
pollution events and report to the government for execution. Promptly collect pollution
accident information and conduct information reporting work. Organize 	personnel to
carry out environmental restoration work on the spot and make efforts to eliminate
secondary pollution. Strengthen postmortem management. While handling the
consequential and extremely consequential sudden environmental events, carry out
pollu	tion damage evaluation to provide basis for event classification, responsibility
ascertainment and environmental rights and interests maintenance.
(5) Environmental emergency guarantee ability building
Establish and improve the socialized emergency team ma	terial reserve. 	In
emergency rescue team building, organize all places to investigate and learn about the
emergency treatment team and complete information collection and summarization
work. Presently, Jiangsu Province has 88 various emergency treatment te	ams engaged in
many rescue fields including water, air and solid waste. In emergency material reserve,
the intra	-regional circular emergency material reserve mode is summarized and
realized. On the basis of purposely learning about the products and raw mat	erials from
the chemical enterprises in the region, the environmental protection authorities take the
lead in building an emergency rescue material chain including manufacturers’ products
and raw materials and develop an emergency material circulation netw	ork and
corresponding transfer mechanism.
Enhance the environmental protection authorities’ emergency response team
ability level. 	For the first time the province used the form of provincial environmental
emergency response ability competition to promote e	nvironmental emergency
management awareness and increase environmental emergency management skill.
Every year, 40 emergency management persons are tested for skills in emergency

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command car butt connection 	and sudden environmental event simulation. This ha	s
expanded environmental emergency management trainees, increased the emergency
management training pertinence and successfully completed the training tasks for the
provincial environmental protection authorities and enterprises’ environmental
emergency ma	nagement personnel. Jiangsu Department of Environmental Protection
actively grasps the opportunity of the country	-wide environmental emergency ability
standardization creation and has become the first demonstration organization in the
country for the “prov	incial level environmental emergency respon	se first class standard
creation”.
Improve emergency response export participation mechanism. 	The provincial
department issued the “Measures of Jiangsu Province for Environmental Emergency
Response Expert Panel Ma	nagement” (tentative) to further improve the expert
participation mechanism. This further substantiates the provincial level environmental
emergency response expert database and increases the coverage of experts in all
industries and fields. Now provincial	 level expert database and city level expert database
have been established.
All out push forward emergency response scientific research. 	The “Theory and
Practice of Environmental Emergency Management” compiled collectively by staff from
the provincial ce	nter and the “National Sudden Environmental Event Emergency
Handling Evaluation System” and the Ministry of Environmental Protection topics of
“National Environmental Emergency Ability Standardization Acceptance Method”
undertaken by the provincial center.
(6) Progress of environmental risk emergency interaction work
Platform construction. 	All out push forward the emergency informatization work
focusing on emergency command platform and advance the trans	-regional and trans	-
sector emergency interaction plat	form construction work. According to the
requirements of the Yangtze River Delta region environmental cooperation agreement,
establish the trans	-boundary environmental pollution dispute handling and emergency
interaction platform with Shanghai and Zhejiang	 and organize and carry out the joint
potential environmental safety hazard check action in the junction of Jiangsu, Zhejiang
and Shanghai.

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In 2012 it issued, jointly the provincial safety supervision bureau, the “Notification on
Further Carrying out the E	mergency Handling Work for Secondary Environmental
Pollution from Production Safety Accident” and issued, jointly with the provincial public
security department, the “Notification on Further Strengthening the Emergency
Handling Work for Secondary Environme	ntal Pollution from Traffic Accidents of
Dangerous Chemicals Transport Vehicles on Expressways in Jiangsu” to preliminarily
establish the joint response and information intercommunication mechanism for
secondary environmental pollution from safety producti	on accidents and dangerous
chemicals and hazardous waste transportation accidents. It has strengthened the trans	-
regional emergency interaction to increase multi	-sector joint prevention and control
ability. Thirdly, it developed the trans	-regional and mult	i-sector emergency interaction
ability along the Yangtze River and successfully held the “Changan No.1” comprehensive
drill for sudden environmental pollution event in drinking water source areas along the
river.
(7) Demonstrative emergency drill
Presentl	y it has been made clear to establish the drilling system on the basis of four
types of sudden environmental event plans including environmental risk sources, risk
source concentration areas (industrial park zones), sensitive environmental protection
targe	ts and environmental protection authorities.
To carry out drinking water source area emergency drill demonstration and aiming at
drilling in responsibilities, procedures, technologies and coordination, the municipal
government takes the lead and the safet	y supervision, public security, water resources,
fire fighting and construction departments jointly participate. In 2012, environmental
protection authorities in all places in Jiangsu jointly conducted more than 30 various
emergency drills and major risk e	nterprises and chemical park zones conducted over
100 emergency drills. The practical emergency response ability was inspected and
enhanced.
The enterprise	-oriented emergency response concept emerges in the drills, the
background of demonstrative emergency drills is more diversified and regional features
of emergency drills are more prominent.

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3.1.2.2	 Prevention and control of environmental risks inv	olved in environmental
planning
Jiangsu attaches great importance to prevention and control of environmental risks and
mentions the major fields and main tasks for prevention and control of environmental
risks in several environmental plans. Jiangsu Twelf	th Five Year Plan for Environmental
Protection and Ecological Construction definitely requires that environmental
supervision and management and risk prevention ability should be enhanced markedly
in 2015. In this plan, county and township centralized drin	king water quality
compliance rate will reach 100% and 95%, the percentage of urban household waste
and sewage safety handled should reach 100% and 90%, the annual pollutant emissions
quantities of COD, NH	3-N, SO	2, NO	x will reduce to 112.80mt ,14.04mt, 92.	50mt,
121.40mt. The annual Phosphorus emissions in Taihu Basin will reduce to 0.40mt.
It makes the main tasks in the plan to strengthen environmental risk source
management, prevent and control environmental risks of dangerous chemicals, enhance
environme	ntal risk prediction and early warning, protect the safety of sensitive
protection targets and increase environmental risk prevention guarantee level.
In the Twelfth Five Year Plan period, Jiangsu Environmental Risk Prevention and Control
Plan proposes to 	preliminarily build the modern environmental emergency
management system that tallies with Jiangsu’s condition, improve the environmental
emergency management system of classified management, graded responsibility,
combination of central and regional syste	m while giving priority to dependency,
establish the environmental emergency management mechanism of unified command,
sensitive response, ordered coordination and highly efficient operation and basically
form the “full prevention and full control” environm	ental risk prevention and control
pattern. Thus environmental emergency ability is comprehensively enhanced and
various sudden environmental events can be effectively addressed. To the end year of
planning, the document constructs rate of province key indu	stries environmental risk
source will reach 100%, and the environmental emergency plan record rate of national
monitoring key enterprises, province key environmental risk sources and concentrating
area will reach 100%, there will be 50% key environmental r	isk point should be
monitored and emergency mechanism of all the city and 60% counties should be set up
to 2 level, 14 provincial environmental emergency response team will be established

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and 13 emergency response material storage will be built. It propose	s more than 10
major projects such as environmental risk source investigation project for the major
industries in the province, environmental risk monitoring point construction project and
drinking water source area risk prevention and control project. The	 major projects are
investigation of environmental risk source of major industry; construction project of
environmental risk monitoring; risk prevention project of drinking water sources;
Environmental emergency response planning project; provincial enviro	nmental
emergency response standard construction; city, county environmental emergency
response standard construction; typical region environmental emergency response
capacity construction; environmental emergency platform of province; environmental
emerge	ncy materials network and emergency response team construction. The
pollutant emission reduction projects, water environment quality improvement project,
air quality improvement project, city environmental comprehensive renovation project,
rural environmen	tal project, ecological protection and construction project and
environmental regulation project are given with the plan.
Jiangsu province issued “River	-shore Transformation 5 years Plan (2013	-2017)” in
2013. It defined that the environmental protection in	vestment to GDP ratio would
achieve to 3.4% and the industrial sewage discharge compliance rate would rise to
100% in 2017. In order to improve the condition of air pollution, the total emission of
SO	2, NO	x and the smoke dust would be controlled in the riv	er	-shore. The industries of
the iron, steel, cement, printing and dyeing, as well as chemical and heavy metal will be
the key industries to management, some factories which is high energy consumption,
heavy pollution, and safety and environmental risk will	 be eliminated. The regulation
about environmental impact assessment should be strictly implement, and the
environmental law enforcement supervision should be strengthened.

Environmental risk management work faces a huge challenge and 	3.1.3
opportunity
3.1.3.1	 Problem	s for prevention and control of environmental risks
Although Jiangsu has made some achievements in environmental risk management, it
faces a huge pressure and challenge in environmental safety guarantee tasks as a whole.
Presently the main existing proble	ms are: traditional industrial development model

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leads to ecosystem unbalance and regional environmental risk keeps enlarging.
Industrial structure is not rational and environmental risk prevention and control
difficulty is great. Some enterprises have bac	kward production processes, discharge of
pollutants is difficult to stably reach the standard and illegal pollution discharge cannot
be stopped despite repeated prohibition. Environmental risk prevention and control
awareness is weak and prevention work is	 not properly done. 	Environmental risk
management system is still unsound.
3.1.3.2	 Need of environmental risk prevention and control
(1) Adjust and optimize industrial structure layout
Environmental risk management is long term work and a complete system should be
developed from macroscopic economic policy to industrial planning and further to
enterprise individuals. Intensive development model should be established, industrial
layout sh	ould be rationally planned and monitoring and control and management of
existing risk sources should be enhanced. Admittance threshold for new enterprises
should be increased and the strategy of administrative means and economic lever in
combination should	 be used to actively control and reduce the environmental hazards
caused by individual enterprises during economic development.
(2) Improve environmental emergency management mechanism
Improve environmental emergency management rules and regulations, stre	ngthen
environmental emergency management ability building, smooth environmental
emergency management system and establish the sudden environmental event early
warning and handling mechanism participated by all sectors.
(3) Move forward the environmental r	isk prevention and control threshold
Environmental risk management is not only a type of non	-normal management and pre	-
prevention a	nd mid	-response are t	wo inseparable parts. Risk management is based on
normal management and plan, drill and risk source check and treatment work can
greatly reduce risk prevention and control pressure. According to the principle of
“focusing on prevention and combining preven	tion and emergency response”,
strengthen risk prevention and control work, move forward risk prevention and control
pass and minimize environmental risk breakout probability. Build an omnibearing and
multi	-level environmental emergency plan system, organiz	e and carry out standardized
environmental emergency response drill, push forward regional environmental risk

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control construction project and increase environmental risk source check and
treatment.
For the sudden pollution accidents in various conditions	, formulate scientifically
demonstrated, pertinent, rapid and highly efficient systematic prevention and control
measures and especially strengthen the preparation work of emergency prevention and
control plan for sudden pollution accidents. Build an omnib	earing and multi	-level
environmental emergency plan system at government special project, sector, sensitive
protection target, park zone and enterprise levels, define the subjects to which the plan
applies, make clear the level and relations between plans,	 provide guidance on
preparation and improvement of various plans and actively do emergency preparation
work for various environmental accidents. Strengthen the whole process management
including plan preparation, evaluation, archiving, drill and update an	d make efforts to
improve plan quality and efficiency.
In recent years, although many places and organizations have conducted various
emergency drills and obtained good effects, their drill types, scales, contents and
procedures are different and some emer	gency drills are not pertinent or highly
practicable. Also no evaluation is conducted after drill and the plan is not improved.
Studying and issuing the environmental emergency drill guidelines can guide all places
and organizations to conduct emergency dr	ill work in a standardized way, clearly
specify the definition, purpose, content, procedure, organization, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation of environmental emergency drills and regulate evaluation
and summarization of emergency drills and subsequ	ent actions after them so as to
provide a good guidance and standardization for emergency drills and increase the
environmental safety level of all industries.
Aiming to guarantee the environmental safety of sensitive areas in the province, build
the prov	incial sensitive area emergency response line of defense in the light of the
regional environmental risk extent and push forward, by class, the building of intra	-
regional environmental risk resource emergency prevention and control ability. Conduct
environ	mental risk source emergency prevention and control building action in the
>10,000t centralized drinking water source areas and then gradually disseminate it and
practically build several powerful lines of defense between risk sources and sensitive
protect	ion targets so as to ensure the water supply safety of centralized drinking water
source areas and the people’s life and health.

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Carry out environmental safety production check periodically and aperiodically and
especially check the important process syste	ms, infrastructures, technical equipment,
operation environment and prevention and control means and mainly prevent and
remove accident potentials. Strengthen equipment service and maintenance, enhance
operators’ technical training and evaluation, implemen	t stringent reward and
punishment system and reduce equipment and human error rate. Strengthen routine
management of enterprises qualified for transporting dangerous chemicals, improve
safety and technical performance of transport vehicles and give them pe	riodic check and
maintenance. For the vehicles used for trans	-regional transportation of dangerous
chemicals, conduct pre	-departure on	-line test and perform remote monitoring and
control by the satellite positioning system. Enhance management for transport
personnel and transport escorts and strengthen training and examination for them and
make them work by permit.
(4) Carry out theoretical and technical research for environmental emergency
response
Presently, the technical support system corresponding to	 the three stages of “pre	-
prevention and control, 	mid	-response and tre	atment and afterwards	 evaluation and
restoration” of environmental emergency response has not been established. Due to lack
of technical guidance and guide manuals such as preparation of	 environmental
emergency plans, quick detection of typical pollutants and on	-the spot treatment
schemes, environmental protection authorities at the grass	-roots level are unable to
emergently treat environmental accident site in a scientific and efficient 	way and can
only ask for help from the higher level departments and wait for treatment scheme from
environmental protection experts, which misses the best opportunity of environmental
emergency response. It is necessary to enhance theoretical research on e	nvironmental
emergency response, build an environmental emergency management information
system, study emergency treatment specifications for sudden environmental events and
provide technical support for environmental risk prevention and control and
enviro	nmental event treatment; use urban geological information system to establish
environmental risk source database, build an environmental risk prevention and control
system and provide effective technical support for emergency treatment of accidents.
(5) St	rengthen environmental safety propaganda

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Pay attention to propaganda and education of environmental safety knowledge, increase
social risk awareness and emergency response ability and prevent and control
environmental risks from the sources. Enhance risk p	revention and control awareness
education for enterprises having environmental risks, strengthen environmental
accident potential education, increase the scientificalness and effectiveness of accident
emergency treatment, and improve the emergency response	 mechanism for handling
environmental risk events. Conduct necessary education and training of environmental
accident emergency treatment and prevention knowledge for residents, acquire risk
awareness and emergency response knowledge and nip the risk in th	e bud.

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3.2	 Guizhou Province
Guizhou is a landlocked province in the southwestern part of China, with a population of
35 million and an area of 176 000 km2 (roughly the size of Sweden). The capital of
Guizhou is Guiyang (pop. 4.3 million). Guizhou is a rela	tively poor and economically
underdeveloped province, but rich in natural, cultural and environmental resources. In
2012, Guizhou had the lowest GDP per capita (19 566 RMB) of China’s provinces.
Anshun is a prefecture	-level city in Guizhou province with a 	population of 2.3 million (of
which about 800 000 in the city proper). Anshun City has been selected as a pilot region
to develop environmental emergency response ability at prefecture city level.
 Environmental risk introduction and its characteristic anal	ysis 	 	3.2.1
3.2.1.1	 Environmental risk introduction
Guizhou is one of the major provinces that develop and utilize various heavy metal
mineral resources in China and pollution by heavy 	metals (heavy metalloid) such as
mercury, lead, zinc	-cadmium, antimony, thallium, manganese, 	vanadium and arsenic is
its main type of environmental risks. On the other hand, with the development of
various industries and completion of various chemical park	s in the province, the
quantity of hazardous chemicals will increase enormously and regional environmental
risk will increase markedly as a result. The statistical results of regional environmental
risks for chemicals from the Ministry of Environmental Pro	tection show that economic
development does not correspond to the regional environmental risks in Guizhou very
much in proportion, and high environmental risks and high frequency of the
occurrences of environmental accidents will emerge in Guizhou’s Twelft	h Five Year Plan
development period. Therefore, environmental risk sensitive industries in Guizhou are
mainly chemical and heavy metal smelting enterprises.
Since 2010, totally 19 acute environmental events have occurred in Guizhou, including 2
consequent	ial environmental events, 1 relatively consequential environmental event
and 16 average level environmental event. Production safety accidents caused 5
environmental events, being 26.3%; traffic accidents caused 9 environmental events,
being 47.4% and othe	r accidents caused 5 environmental events, being 26.3%. Classified
by accident types, 12 water pollution accidents, 4 air pollution accidents and 3 radiation
accidents have occurred.

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For Anshun City, the environmental risks exist in the aspects of water p	ollution, air
pollution and solid wastes. Regarding water pollution, there are five waste water
treatment plants, receiving urban and industrial waste water which includes smelting
waste water, acid containing waste water, fluoride waste water and so on fr	om more
than 10 factories in Anshun City. Regarding air pollution, fluoride gas released from
Huangguoshu Aluminum Corporation and ammonia gas from Hongsheng Chemical
Corporation are the most concerned air pollutants sources. Regarding solid wastes, a
larg	e amount of fly ash, gangue, slag and smelting waste residues are produced by more
than eight metal production plants and chemical plants in Anshun City.
3.2.1.2	 Environmental risk characteristic and 	general	 analysis
According to the features of heavy metal resour	ces and their development and
utilization in Guizhou, pollution by such heavy metals (heavy metalloid) as mercury,
lead	-zinc	- cadmium, antimony, thallium, vanadium and arsenic is prominent and typical.
In terms of pollution sources, heavy metal pollution i	n Guizhou mainly comes from two
aspects: heavy metal pollution left over in the history and pollution by heavy metal
discharge from industrial enterprises.
Environmental risks of heavy metal pollution in Guizhou	 Province are mainly
characterized by the following:
(1) Mining causes mill tailings and waste residues pollution
Wanshan Mercury Mine, for example, has discharged totally 126 million tons of waste
residues and 20.2 billion m	3 mercury containing waste gase	s in the half century since
1949; in Bijie Region, the total quantity of waste residues from zinc smelting is about 12
million tons and total floor area of waste residues is 11.335 million m	2; in Liupan City,
total quantity of waste residues from indigenou	s smelting method is 8.415 million tons
and the floor area is 1.26 million m	2. Such waste residues are eroded and washed by
atmospheric precipitation all the year round and pollute water body and soil. The
pollutants are difficult to disappear in a short t	ime and directly do harm to human
bodies through food chain and are a type of persistent hazard. In addition, Guizhou is
one of the provinces that have abundant antimony resources in China. In Dushan
County, there are 104 abandoned antimony ore pits left o	ver from many years’
exploitation and mine water is leaking for long. There is also a great deal of deposited
waste residues piled on the gulley banks and there is not any environmental protection

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facility. With unorganized and arbitrary piling, antimony g	oes along with interstitial
water and waste residue washing rain water into the river when the rain reason comes,
and river water and sediments are heavily contaminated.
(2) Ecological environment is heavily damaged
Due to sustained development and utili	zation of mineral resources and the lack of
subsequent reclamation, landscaping and slope reinforcing work, forest cover rate
drops, soil and water loss in the mine fields is severe and soil erosion is high. As smelting
waste residues are piled in large qu	antities on the river side, river water is polluted. At
the same time, as no safety guarantee facilities are provided for the left over abandoned
underground pits, serious potential environmental and geologic hazards exist.
(3) Human health is affected
He	avy metal pollution is both inhaled through atmospheric smoke dust and ingested
through soil plant enrichment to cause grievous harm to human health and especially
children’s’ growth and development. According to the investigation conducted by
Guizhou Dise	ase Prevention and Control Center and Wanshan Special Zone Disease
Prevention and Control Center, more than 200 people have shown mercury poisoning
symptom to a different extent over the past decades in Wanshan. Average mercury
content of residents’ hairs 	in the mercury mine contaminated areas in Wanshan is
beyond the standard for 2.59 times and sick rate and incidence rate of mercury
poisoning reach 4.3	-5.8%. In Huilong Town, Xingren County, Qianxinan Prefecture,
Guizhou Province, thallium deposit grows in	 Lanmuchang and coal mining history has
exceeded 300 years. In this region over 400 people have had thallium poisoning since
1960s and it is one of the most typical thallium pollution regions. In Qianfeng Town,
Magu, Haozhang County, environmental cadmium 	pollution caused by indigenous zinc
smelting method is very severe. In Hejiachong area where indigenous furnaces are the
most concentrated, soil cadmium content is 5.2 times that of contrast area and is very
close to the soil cadmium content in the “itai	-itai disease” region in Japan.
The cause of heavy metal pollution in Guizhou is manifested mainly by the following:

(1) Development and utilization of mineral resources

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Development and utilization of mineral resources are the foremost sources of heavy
met	al pollution in Guizhou and their features are mainly numerous involved heavy
metal elements, wide pollution range and high environmental impact. In addition, some
mineral products have a low grade and development of associate ores is widespread.
Mining ca	uses pollutions to water, atmosphere, soil and agricultural crops, which poses
a direct or indirect threat to human health.
(2) Heavy metal smelting industries
In addition to the heavy metal pollution problems caused by mineral exploitation, heavy
metals 	in the discharged three wastes (waste water, waste gas and industrial residue)
from industrial production have become another important source of heavy metal
pollution in Guizhou. At the same time, since smelting technologies left over in the
history is ba	ckward and environmental protection facilities are unsound, resource
utilization ratio is low and ecological damage is serious. For example, the indigenous
zinc smelting method concentrated in Bijie region has caused extensive destruction and
pollution to 	local resources and environment.
(3) Wide distribution of chemical industries
Check of environmental risks and chemicals in major industrial enterprises in Guizhou
shows that there are totally 414 environmental risk and chemical enterprises in
Guizhou. Me	rely in Anshun City, there are several chemical enterprises such as Hongtai
Chemical Co. Ltd, Hongsheng Chemical Co. Ltd, Hongda Aluminum Chemicals Co. Ltd and
Huangguoshu Aluminum Co. Ltd. Hazardous waste such as barium residues, production
waste water, s	moke dust and waste gases discharged by these enterprises pose a big
risk to local environment.

Current situation of environmental risk management in Guizhou Province	 	3.2.2
3.2.2.1	 Environmental risk evaluation and management
(1) Investigation in hidden environmental 	risks
According to the requirements of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, a series of
hidden environmental risk check works such as the “	check for environmental risks and
chemicals for major industries and enterprises” and “100	-day major environment	al
safety inspection” were 	carried out	, environmental risk enterprise database was

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established, the problems found in the enterprise environmental risk check were in
depth analyzed and promptly rectified, and monitoring and control of environmental
risk en	terprises were strengthened.
(2) Carry out warning and emergency response work in major regions
In the period of natural disasters such as freezing, mountain torrent and flood season in
Guizhou Province, deploy environmental emergency management work such	 as in	-
advance prevention, active response and proper treatment in accordance with the
requirements of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, provincial Party committee
and provincial government, and carry out environmental emergency response work for
major enterprises and major areas such as drinking water source area, nature reserves,
radioactive sources and hazardous waste in special periods to strictly prevent
occurrence of environmental pollution accidents.
Hongfeng Lake Reservoir area, a drinking 	water source area in Guiyang City, Guizhou
Province, has been applied for being included in the first group of biological early
warning pilot regions for major drinking water source areas by the Ministry of
Environmental Protection and the biological early	 warning on	-line monitoring system is
built to provide vigorous guarantee for the environmental safety of the Hongfeng Lake
drinking water source area.
(3) Strengthen departmental interaction and increase treatment efficiency
To further increase the ability of Guizhou Province to handle acute environmental
events and enhance the building of emergency handling interaction mechanism jointly
between environmental protection authorities and other sectors, the “Agreement on
Emergenc	y Interaction for Acute Events” is signed with the provincial bureau of safety
supervision and the “Guiding Opinions on Strengthening the Building of Emergency
Interaction Mechanism between Environmental Protection and Public Security and Fire
Fighting Dep	artments” (QHTZ[2012]No.14) was issued jointly with the provincial public
security and fire fighting brigade to exert the advantages of all sectors, handle acute
environmental events quickly, scientifically, safely and effectively and avoid and mitigate
th	e possible environmental pollution during emergency treatment to the maximum
extent.
On the other hand, emergency interaction among environmental protection authorities
of all administrative regions in the province is strengthened. For instance, in order 	to

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enhance the early warning and emergency response work of acute environmental
events in the Chishui River basin in the province, the environmental protection bureaus
of the 8 counties (municipalities, districts) in the Chishui River basin have been
organ	ized to sign the environmental emergency response interaction mechanism
agreement.
(4) Prepare contingency plans and increase emergency response ability
Promptly revised the “Contingency Plan of Guizhou Province for Acute Environmental
Events” and organi	zed evaluation in the provincial government on January 15, 2013 to
further improve Guizhou Contingency Plan for Acute Environmental Events and
effectively address acute environmental events in Guizhou. At the same time, the
environmental contingency plan m	anagement method for enterprises and institutions in
Guizhou and the environmental response ability system building scheme for Guizhou
were formulated.
Independent environmental emergency management agencies including Guizhou Acute
Environmental Event Eme	rgency Response Center and prefecture level city
environmental emergency response centers were built but environmental response
personnel are very limited 	and many staffs are registered but do not actually work for
the purpose.
For independent configuratio	n of environmental emergency response equipments, the
funds are mainly from environmental management funds of environmental protection
bureaus and the fund deficiency directly leads to a widespread low emergency
equipment level. Except Guiyang City Environ	mental Emergency Response Center has a
small amount of environmental emergency response equipment, other environmental
emergency response agencies do not have any equipment and thus cannot meet the
actual work need to a great extent.
(5) Current situation	 of environmental risk management in Anshun City
For the environmental risk problems, Anshun City has conducted related works,
including strictly prohibit waste water plants, smelteries and chemical plants etc. from
discharging heavy metal containing sludg	e, hazardous waste and exceeding	-standard
waste water to the environment; recover and recycle solid waste (e.g. high carbon
content fly ash) or hazardous waste (e.g. barium residues); strengthen construction of
associated pipe networks for waste water plan	ts and push forward the reconstruction of

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separating rain and wastewater and existing combined pipe network system in
accordance with local conditions.
Another important task carried out in Anshun City to prevent environmental risk at
river basin level is 	to improve the environmental protection work for the Sancha River
basin in the city. The annual “Comprehensive Treatment of Water Environment in
Sancha River” work plan was composed to ensure that major pollutants in the basin
reach the standards both in p	ollution discharge concentration and total quantity control.
Currently the characteristic pollutant of Sancha River is identified as “Suspended Solids
(SS)” caused by more than 100 plants/factories in the river basin, most of which are
collieries or mining	 related factories. The construction of weir/dam on the river to hold
the sand and sediments has been conducted under the guidance of the plan. 	The
protection work has been implemented since 2009.
3.2.2.2	 Prevention and control of environmental risks involved in 	environmental
planning
The “Guizhou Environmental Status Bulletin of 2010” reported that the percentage of
urban concentrated drinking water sources with water quality higher than the standard
is 82.3%, and the percentage out of 85 surface water monitoring	 sections in the province
with water quality of Class V (and worse than Class V) is 20%. Aiming at the current
environmental situation, Guizhou has compiled the related plans such as the “Special
Plan of Guizhou Province for Ecological Construction and Env	ironmental Protection in
the Twelfth Five Year Plan Period” and “Plan of Guizhou Province for Comprehensive
Prevention and Control of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Twelfth Five Year Plan Period”.
According to the Guizhou Twelfth Five Year Plan, the total d	ischarge amounts of main
pollutants including COD, NH	3-N, SO	2 and NOx are targeted to reduce by 6%, 7.7%, 8.6%
and 9.8% separately in 2015 compared to 2010. The percentage of national surface
water monitoring sections in the province with water quality of 	Class V is planned to be
lower than 20%. The percentage of urban concentrated drinking water sources with
water quality higher than the standard is set to be over 90%.
The contents of environmental risk prevention and control involved in the plans mainly
include:
(1) Strengthen prevention and control of environmental risks in major fields and
maintain environmental safety;

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(2) Make nuclear radiation, heavy metals and hazardous chemicals the major fields of
environmental risk prevention and make efforts to	 solve the environmental safety
guarantee issue in the industrialization course.
(3) Carry out environmental risk investigation and evaluation for the regions with high
occurrence of environmental accidents and sensitive industries in the province:
establ	ish environmental risk source classification archives and information database
mainly for the heavy metals, hazardous waste and persistent organic pollutants and the
enterprises that produce and use hazardous chemicals.
(4) Improve environmental risk mana	gement measures: include environmental risks in
the environmental management system and give definite requirements for
environmental risk prevention in the approval process of planning environmental
impact assessments and construction project environmental	 impact assessments so that
environmental risk prevention facilities and the main part of the projects are designed,
constructed and operated concurrently.
(5) Conduct environmental pollution damage investigation and research: basically know
the situation	 of environmental pollution damage in Guizhou, carry out pilot work of
environment and health comprehensive management, reduce environmental risks that
affect human health and gradually perform works in environmental pollution damage
evaluation.
(6) Determ	ine the entity responsibilities for enterprises to prevent risks: find out high
risk and heavy pollution enterprises and gradually establish 	the enterprise closedown
system pursuant to related national policies and laws and regulations; establish
enterpris	e acute environmental event reporting and emergency trea	tment system,
strictly control enterprises for stable up	-to	-standard discharge and practically enhance
enterprises’ ability to prevent acute environmental events.
(7) Improve environmental risk emerg	ency response system: according to the “Standard
of Environmental Emergency Response Ability Building for National Environmental
Protection Authorities”, push forward the provincial, municipal and county
environmental emergency response agencies three	-leve	l standard construction and
drive the municipal (state and prefecture) level environmental protection authorities to
gradually become standardized, institutionalized and normalized in environmental

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emergency management agency, emergency management personne	l, ability building
and environmental emergency equipment works.
(8) During the plan preparation, attention is also paid to the risk prevention and control
models such as “economic model of environmental characteristic by the Development
Research Center o	f the State Council” and DRC	-CGE model.

Challenges and opportunities 	 	3.2.3
3.2.3.1	 Main problems in environmental planning and environmental risk
management
(1) Determination of planning targets and indices
 	Determination of some planning targets lacks support of basic data and
predication model and as a result, planning targets for some indices are slightly
higher;
 	Determination of planning targets fails to embody the analysis of some
uncertainties or growth	 factors and accessibility is not interacted in many
sectors and especially not determined under the precondition that financial
funds can guarantee. For example, the dynamic grasp of macroeconomic trend,
execution of desulphurization plans by existing and	 new thermal power plants,
reduction and up	-to	-standard discharge of chemical oxygen demand and heavy
metals for various industrial pollution sources such as coal chemical,
phosphorus chemical and aluminum chemical industries;
 	Determination of some targe	ts directly cites the results of other special plans
while all sectors compile their respective plans, which lacks interactions
between sectors. At the same time, the target determination process of
environmental protection plans and other special plans la	ck effective exchange
and communication, which could also lead to the lack of a clear corresponding
relation between indices and planning projects. Even if the key projects are
pointed out, the implementation progress may be slow and planning targets
could	n’t be accomplished as scheduled as financial funds cannot be guaranteed.
 	The methods to concrete planning indices aare too simple and economic and
social development level and basic environmental conditions are different for

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all regions. Comprehensive co	nsideration should be given to all regions’
environmental qualities, environmental capacities, construction abilities of key
construction projects and pollution reduction abilities etc.
(2) Linkup between environmental protection plans and economic and 	social
development plans
Guizhou Twelfth Five Year Plan for Environmental Protection was initially compiled in
2009 and during its compilation, other provincial level special plans were initiated in
succession. Due to time differences, it is somewhat diffi	cult to link up environmental
protection plans and other plans. In the implementation of various plans, starting time
of projects is different and delayed approval of plans for implementation affects the
accomplishment of plan schedule and determined targe	ts. In addition, since the
provincial national economic and social development plan is a macroscopic
programmatic document, the fund sources needed for the primary tasks and key
projects in environmental program plans often cannot be found correspondingly,	 and
the tasks and key projects in the environmental protection plan are difficult to
implement, which affects the accomplishment of plan targets and indices. Plan feasibility
needs to be further strengthened.
(3) Linkup between key construction projects
 	The corresponding relations between plan targets and indices and key
construction projects are not apparent and pollutant reduction amount and
implemented actual projects lack a corresponding relation;
 	Information on construction project costs and investm	ent proposals is very
limited. The plan only gives the total cost and does not consider the social and
even ecological cost of the project implementation as well as fund sources and
the estimation of project implementation possibility and difficulty is
ins	ufficient;
 	Due to lack of basic information, most construction projects are selected by
using the qualitative analysis screening method. The plan mostly lists the
possible construction projects and has not provided an all	-round priority
sequencing analysi	s for them.

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(4) Problems existing in guarantee measures
As many sectors are involved, guarantee measures cannot be well established, improved
and operated unless a powerful interaction mechanism is available. For the special
environmental protection p	lan, it is difficult to have an all	-around plan guarantee in one
sector. 	Many guarantee measures still lack pertinence and operability.
3.2.3.2	 Need of environmental plan and risk prevention and control
 	Improve the emergency management system and speed up emerg	ency
response ability building. Define orientation and responsibility of emergency
management agencies of all sectors at all levels and determine the building
contents and scale of emergency management agencies at all levels in the
province to provide guid	ance for the building of emergency management
agencies at all levels in the province.
 	Strengthen the emergency mechanism construction. Connect in series the
related sectors involved in emergency management work dynamically, focus on
emergency work through	 information intercommunication, coordination and
interaction, comprehensive response and resultant force to establish and
improve the environmental emergency response interaction partnership
between environmental protection authorities and other related s	ectors, realize
resource sharing, experience exchange and advantage complementation and
increase the ability to prevent and handle acute environmental events.
 	According to the environmental risk conditions of all regions in Guizhou,
establish a multi	-lev	el and stereoscopic environmental emergency material
reserve system. Build the provincial and municipal level environmental
emergency material reserve system and establish the mutual aid mechanism of
environmental emergency material equipment with major en	terprises and
institutions; grant support to major environmental risk enterprises in policies,
technologies and funds to support them to improve environmental emergency
materials and equipment reserve, establish transfer, expropriation and mutual
aid mecha	nism with them and sufficiently exert their important functions of

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enterprise materials and equipment in environmental emergency rescue.
 	Develop environmental emergency response teams. The building of Guizhou
acute environmental event emergency response s	ystem is still at a starting
stage. Presently, only Guizhou Department of Environmental Protection and
Guiyang City, Anshun City, Tongren City, Qiannan Prefecture, Qiandongnan
Prefecture, Qianxinan Prefecture and Bijie City have established independent
env	ironmental emergency management agencies and Zunyi City and
Liupanshui City have not. 	Many staffs are registered but do not work, 	staffing is
very limited, ability is low and equipment is poor, which are the biggest
bottleneck for environmental emergency r	esponse agencies in Guizhou.
According to the “Standard of Environmental Emergency Response Ability
Building for Nationwide Environmental Protection Authorities”, environmental
emergency response ability of environmental protection authorities at all level	s
in Guizhou has not attained the requirements of the minimum standards and is
difficult to meet the present need of environmental emergency response work
in Guizhou.
 	Strengthen risk prevention and prediction and early warning ability. The
environmental ri	sk source evaluation system and the classification standard
have not been established, thus being unable to realize active prevention.
Distribution, classification and grading of major environmental risk sources are
not clear, significant environmental eve	nt prevention and control system has
not been established and treatment of major hidden environmental hazards has
no rules to follow. Environmental emergency equipment ability is far from
satisfying the need of prediction and early warning and average equi	pment
level of emergency monitoring instruments is much lower than the emergency
ability building standard and its development is not balanced. The ability to
analyze and evaluate risk information and monitoring data is deficient, thus
being unable to time	ly and accurately determine the nature, development trend
and sphere of influence of the risks and provide scientific and effective
prediction and early warning information.
 	More scientific, rational, feasible and operable technical methods that can
suppo	rt plan compilation are needed, e.g. simulation models usable to quantify
plan targets and indices, to provide technical support for environmental plan

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compilation and risk prevention and control.
 	In order to strengthen the abilities at prefecture level t	o prevent and control
the environmental risks of acute accidents and the emergency response
abilities, Anshun City is selected as a pilot region to formulate the
environmental emergency response ability building standard for city	-level
environmental protec	tion authorities, including environmental emergency
management agency and staffs, hardware equipment and operation rooms. At
the same time, prefecture (city) level first class standard is established
according to actual conditions to further enhance the ab	ility	-building standard.

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3.3	 Tongling in Anhui
 Main environmental risk problems for Tongling City 	 	3.3.1
3.3.1.1	 Introduction
Tongling (pop. 742 000) is a prefecture level city on the Yangtze river	 in Anhui province
(pop. 60 million), bordering to the east to Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Anhui
province has lagged behind in economic development compared to its more successful
neighbor provinces to the east, with a GDP per capita in 2012 (28 792 RM	B) less than
half of those provinces. Economic development varies markedly within Anhui province
and Tongling is among the most developed and prosperous regions in the province.
Tongling City governs 3 districts and 1 county with an area of 1,113km	2. Reso	urce
industries have been in the leading position of the city’s national economy. After many
years’ development by relying on copper, sulfur and limestone resources, etc., Tongling
has become an important industrial city in Anhui and an important basic raw	 material
production base in China.
In 2012, the proportion of the three industries in Tongling was 1.9:74.7:23.4 and the
proportion of value added in the regional total output value was 68.1%. In the secondary
industry, heavy chemical industry is the pri	mary and in the narrow land space, such
urban pillar industries as nonferrous metal, cement, electric power, sulfur and
phosphorus chemical, iron and steel, coking and electronic industries are concentrated.
At present, copper smelting production capacity 	in Tongling has reached 1 million
tons/year, cement production capacity reached 1.8 million tons/year, total installed
capacity of thermal power reached 2.8 million KW, sulfuric acid production capacity 4.5
million tons/year and chemical fertilizer 2 milli	on tons.
Heavy chemical industrial structure causes considerable production and discharge of
pollutants and the resultant environmental risk problems cannot be ignored. Production
and discharge of such pollutants as wastewater, waste gas, sulfur dioxide, n	itric oxides,
heavy metals and solid waste per unit national land area in Tongling City are higher than
the average level in Anhui Province. Annual average values of sulfur dioxide and
inhalable particulate matters in urban air in Tongling are close to nat	ional Grade II
standard. Air environmental capacity is almost saturated and it is a national acid rain
control area.

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3.3.1.2	 Risk characteristic and cause
Environmental risk of heavy metal pollution	. Tongling is one of the nonferrous metal
ore bases in China. Heav	y metals are discharged in the nonferrous metal mining and
processing. As heavy metals are not degradable, they accumulate more and more in the
environment and thus cumulative environmental risk exists.
Environmental risk of chemicals.	 The hazardous chemic	als in the use, production and
transportation by smelting, chemical and mine enterprises have environmental risks.
Layout risk	. Tongling City is built along mines. For historical reasons, urban function
layout is irrational and protection distance between	 industrial zone and residential area
is insufficient. Some heavy industrial enterprises are located in the urban prevailing
wind direction and upper reaches of drinking water sources and pose risks to urban
environmental quality, drinking water safety and	 public safety.
Hidden ecological environmental hazards	. Prolonged mineral resource development
has caused such ecological environmental problems as soil erosion, water pollution and
ecological function deterioration, etc.

Related works already done 	 	3.3.2
3.3.2.1	 Env	ironmental risk evaluation and management
For the environmental risk problems that Tongling City faces, the city has initially
established the risk management system mainly based on prevention and emergency
response.
(1) Environmental risk assessment for 	construction projects. Carry out environmental
risk assessments for construction projects, increase environmental admittance
conditions and construction criteria, make environmental risk evaluation an important
item of environmental impact assessment for c	onstruction projects and strengthen the
check of risk prevention and control measures’ implementation when construction
projects are completed and accepted to ensure that risk prevention and control
measures are practically implemented. In addition, assess	ment is also conducted for the
projects that have been completed and put into operation but have environmental risks.
(2) Enterprise environmental subject responsibility and government environmental
safety supervision and management responsibility. Formula	ted the “Emergency Plan of

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Tongling City for Environmental Pollution Accidents” and “Environmental Emergency
Plan for Major Enterprises” and established the environmental emergency rescue
system with unified government command and interaction of environmen	tal protection,
public security, fire fighting, traffic, health and safe production departments. According
to the	 “five earliest	-times” princ	iple (i.e. report in the earliest time, arrive at the scene in
the earliest time, monitor in the earliest time, rel	ease information to the society in the
earliest time and ascertain the cause and take effective measures in the earliest time),
highly efficiently handle sudden environmental events and reduce the people’s life and
property losses and ecological environmen	tal damages.
(3) Environmental risk source check. Enhance the check for hidden environmental
hazards for smelting chemical enterprises, hazardous waste production and treatment
organizations and the enterprises that discharge heavy metals and hazardous 	chemicals,
establish the environmental management database for environmental risk sources and
strengthen environmental safety guarantee measures.
(4) Building of environmental emergency management, technical support and handling
rescue teams. Prepare neces	sary emergency rescue materials and equipment and
periodically organize training and drills to increase environmental emergency
monitoring and treatment ability.
(5) Environmental pollution liability insurance. Carry out environmental pollution
liability i	nsurance for trial in the nonferrous metal smelting industry.
3.3.2.2	 Prevention and control of environmental risks involved in environmental
plans
(1) Prevention and control of environmental risks involved in Tongling Twelfth
Five Year Plan for Environmental Pro	tection
“Twelfth Five Year Plan for Environmental Protection of Tongling	” defines the key
environmental protection works in the Twelfth Five Year Plan period: by focusing on
reducing total quantity of major pollutants, improving environmental quality and
preventing environmental risks, and making the change of economic growth 	mode as
the main line, make efforts to solve prominent environmental problems and establish
the full prevention and control risk prevention system, highly efficient environmental
treatment system and complete environmental management system to comprehensiv	ely
enhance ecological civilization level. It is proposed that in 2015, the compliance rate of

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drinking water sources and water environmental function zone will be 100% and the
number of days with ambient air quality better than Grade II (annual average of	 PM	10 is
76 ug/m	3 in 2012,and will be 70 ug/m	3 in 2015) will be greater than 330 days;
discharge of major pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxides, COD and ammonia
nitrogen will be reduced by 15.2%, 11.2%, 9.1% and 8.7% compared with 2010;
discharg	e of heavy metals from major heavy metal prevention and control areas will be
reduced by 15% compared with 2007; safe treatment rate of hazardous wastes will be
100%; safety treatment rate of industrial solid waste will be ≥90% and centralized
treatment ra	te of domestic wastewater and non	-harmful treatment rate of domestic
wastes will be ≥85%; environmental supervision and monitoring ability will accomplish
the working objectives required for national standardized construction. The following
measures are ma	inly taken to prevent environmental risks:
Strictly manage drinking water source areas	. Protect drinking water sources, plan
and construct spare urban drinking water sources and practically guarantee urban
drinking water safety. Carry out ground water pol	lution investigation, implement
protection works for rural centralized drinking water source protection areas and
comprehensive environmental treatment works for water source areas, strengthen
water quality monitoring in rural centralized drinking water so	urce areas and eliminate
potential environmental safety hazards in water source areas.
Enhance environmental risk source supervision and control	. Conduct
environmental risk investigation and evaluation. By focusing on the enterprises that
discharge heavy 	metals, hazardous wastes, persistent organic pollutants and produce
and use hazardous chemicals, comprehensively investigate major environmental risk
sources and environmentally sensitive points and establish environmental risk source
database. Enhance pre	diction and early warning of potential environmental risks and
periodically carry out environmental emergency drills for hazardous chemicals
enterprises to improve environmental risk prevention ability. In 2015, complete
construction of the whole city’s en	vironmental risk monitoring points, build the
emergency command system for sudden environmental events and comprehensive
guarantee system for environmental emergency materials and equipment at municipal
and district levels and enhance environmental risk pr	evention guarantee level. Optimize
industrial layout and gradually move the enterprises that are situated in the upper
reaches of drinking water sources or near other environmentally sensitive targets and

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use hazardous chemicals or produce large quantities	 of pollutants to the industrial park
zones or industrial concentration areas. Strictly carry out environmental impact
assessment for construction projects and prohibit the enterprises that have potential
environmental risks from entering the environmental	ly sensitive areas.
Push forward centralized treatment of hazardous wastes	. Establish the solid waste
management agency, implement systems such as hazardous wastes reporting and
registration, accident emergency response and hazardous wastes manifests, and 	build
the comprehensive information management platform for archives and records
concerning production, storage, treatment and utilization of hazardous wastes. Build
Tongling Hazardous Waste Centralized Treatment Center and push forward centralized
treatme	nt of hazardous wastes. In the Twelfth Five Year Plan period, the unified
recovery and safe treatment system for pesticide wastes was established in the whole
city.
Comprehensively prevent and control heavy metal pollution	. Manage heavy metal	-
related enter	prises as main pollution sources, establish production and discharge
records of heavy metal pollutants and strengthen supervisory monitoring and
inspection system. Focusing on lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and metalloid
arsenic, mainly prevent and contr	ol heavy metal pollution from industries and
enterprises such as nonferrous metal ore (including associate minerals) mining and
dressing, nonferrous metal smelting industry, acid production from sulfur iron ore, PCB
printed circuit board and electroplating	 industries. Carry out major heavy metal
pollution treatment projects for nonferrous metal smelting and processing, iron and
steel, printed circuit board and comprehensive utilization of nonferrous metal wastes
and take comprehensive treatment measures suc	h as close down a group, move a group
and treat a group to speed up industrial restructuring, develop hi	-tech technological
industries and promote the transformation and upgrade of resource type urban
industrial structure. All out develop circular economy,	 continuously carry out cleaner
production audit, improve comprehensive resource utilization level and industrial
cleaner production level and reduce discharge of pollutants. Carry out pilot projects
focusing on rehabilitation of site contaminated by heavy	 metals from industrial and
mining enterprises, control over the discharge of atmospheric heavy metals from major
industries and bed mud pollution treatment for major rivers and make efforts to solve
the problems of heavy metal pollution that have signific	ant effects on production, life

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and human health. In 2015, establish a relatively complete heavy metal pollution
prevention and control system, accident emergency response system and heavy metal
pollution health hazard monitoring system.
Carry out soil po	llution treatment pilot work	. Conduct environmental risk evaluation
for reutilization of contaminated soil and contaminated sites. Promote the establishment
of soil pollution prevention and control and rehabilitation mechanism, carry out typical
regions an	d typical types of soil rehabilitation pilot work, increase input in treatment
and rehabilitation and mainly rehabilitate soils chemically contaminated by heavy
metals. Establish soil use adjustment mechanism, complete safety division of soil for
agricultu	ral use and carry out farmland soil rehabilitation and comprehensive treatment
pilot work.
Strengthen safety supervision and management of radiation environment	.
Enhance safety permission and supervision for the organizations that use radioactive
sources a	nd ray devices, push forward radiation safety supervision and management
informatization construction and establish the dynamic database for supervision and
management. Strengthen collection and storage work of radioactive wastes and unused
waste radioacti	ve sources and optimize electromagnetic radiation source layout to
ensure radiation environment safety.
(2) Prevention and control of environmental risks involved in Tongling Twelfth
Five Year Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Heavy Metal
Po	llution
Tongling Twelfth Five Year Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Heavy
Metal Pollution focuses on prevention and control of major pollutants, key regions, main
basins, major industries and enterprises and adopts the treatment concept of 	promoting
a group, treating a group, moving a group and eliminating a group to mainly prevent
heavy metal pollution for the 8 major heavy metal	-related industries including
nonferrous metal smelting industry, nonferrous metal ore (including associate miner	als)
mining and processing industry, sulfuric acid industry, circuit board manufacturing
industry, nonferrous metal processing industry, electroplating and metal surface
treatment industry, comprehensive utilization of heavy metal	-related hazardous wastes
and dismantling of imported Class 7 wastes	（	Wastes from heat treatment containing

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cyanide, one of the 49catalogues of hazardous wastes from
“National	 Catalogue	 of Hazardous	 Wastes”	）	.
Main tasks include: implement pollution treatment equipment upgrading and
renovation projects for major enterprises, comprehensively clear and rectify the mining
and dressing industry, eliminate the mining and dressing enterprises that do not meet
admittance conditions and increase industrial concentration; adjust the layout of	 heavy
metal	-related enterprises and strictly control sanitary protection distance; fully conduct
cleaner production audit work for heavy metal	-related enterprises and enhance
industrial cleaner production level; carry out heavy metal polluted soil remedia	tion and
restoration pilot work, make efforts to solve the heavy metal pollution problems that
have significant effect on production, life and human health, promote further
optimization of heavy metal	-related industrial structure and layout and significant
increase of comprehensive pollution source prevention and control level and make
active progress in pilot treatment of leftover problems such as heavy metal polluted soil
rehabilitation.
The plan shows that in 2015, the relative complete heavy metal poll	ution prevention
and control system, accident emergency response system and environment and health
risk evaluation system will be established. Main objectives: discharge of heavy metal
pollutants in major prevention and control areas will be reduced by 15%	 compared with
2007, discharge in non	-major prevention and control areas will not exceed the level in
2007 and compliance rate of heavy metal pollutants in centralized drinking water
source areas in Tongling Section of the Changjiang River and towns will r	each 100%;
compliance rate of heavy metal pollutants in surface water of the primary and secondary
branches of Tongling Section of the Changjiang River will be 100%; safe treatment and
utilization rate of heavy metal containing hazardous wastes will reach 	100%.

Problems and need 	 	3.3.3
3.3.3.1	 Problems existing in prevention and control of environmental risks
Presently, prevention and control of environmental risks in Tongling	 City mainly lies in
emergency treatment of environmental risks and many problems exists in prevention
and control of environmental risks.

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(1) Fundamental research of prevention and control of environmental risks is
weak
The key points of environmental ris	k management are traditional environmental
problems such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxides, smoke (dust), heavy metals and
hazardous chemicals. Fundamental research on the environmental risks and health
hazards of the 	“three effect” (teratogenic effect, car	cinogenic effect, and mutagenic
effect)pollutant	s,‘endocrine disruptors and persistent pollutants that enter the
environment is insufficient and especially research on non	-sudden long term and
chronic health risks of pollutants is basically a vacancy and e	stimate of future potential
environmental risks is insufficient.
(2) Environmental risk management lacks systematic design
Environmental risk management also lacks corresponding laws, regulations,
specifications and standards and it is urgently needed to 	comprehensively consider such
elements as subject, object, process and region of environmental risk prevention and
control and management from an omnibearing angle of view, establish environmental
risk management monitoring system, scientific research syst	em, evaluation system,
response system and law, policy and measure guarantee system and compile the
environmental risk prevention and control and management plan to guide the
environmental risk prevention and control work.
(3) Standardized enterprise envir	onmental risk management mechanism has not
been established
Different environmental management means have not been used for enterprises at
different risk levels in accordance with environmental risk features, and for prevention
and control needs of differe	nt industries and enterprises to establish enterprise
environmental risk management standardization certification system, establish and
improve enterprise environmental risk management standards and specifications or
carry out graded management and take re	lated policy measures.
(4) Environmental risk evaluation depth of construction projects is insufficient
Environmental risk evaluation for construction projects is mainly to evaluate the
occurrence possibility of fortuitous environmental risk events and th	e postmortem
effect on environmental quality. The evaluation contents of the impact of environmental
risks on human health and ecological safety are too limited and comprehensive

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environmental evaluation for enterprises, industrial park zones and regions i	s
insufficient, thus being unable to meet the requirements for preventing and
environmental risks from the source.
(5) Basic capacity to prevent and control environmental risks is not enough
Environmental emergency treatment also has the problems of incom	plete
environmental risk information, backward treatment technology and unsound
emergency response mechanism.
3.3.3.2	 Need	s of environmental risk prevention and control
For the environmental risk problems and the current situation that Tongling faces, the
followi	ng needs exist in environmental risk prevention system, method and capacity
building:
(1) Advanced international environmental risk management experience, including
environmental risk management laws, policies, mechanisms and typical case analysis,
etc.
(2) How to build the whole process environmental risk management system including
pre	-evaluation, prevention, monitoring and control and response;
(3) How to conduct by	-class and by	-level analysis and management system design for
environmental risks and bu	ild the normalized and specialized environmental risk
management model;
(4) Identification research method for delayed type, cumulative and potential
environmental risks from long term and low concentration pollutant discharge.
Environmental risk managemen	t system design that is based on total pollution
discharge	-environmental quality	-people’s health;
(5) How to build the public participation mechanism and regional cooperation
mechanism for environmental risk management;
(6) Main contents of environmental 	risk management ability building, etc.
(7) Heavy metal wastewater, waste gas and solid waste treatment and disposition
technology and rehabilitation technology of site contaminated by heavy metals, etc.

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3.4	 	Summary
Jiangsu, Guizhou (including Anshun) and 	Tongling lie respectively in eastern, western
and central China, and have different economic development level and characteristics,
and face different environmental risk problems. Production, usage, storage and
transportation of chemicals are main sources 	of environmental risks of Jiangsu Province;
mining, smelting and chemical industries are main causes of environmental risk
problems of Guizhou; heavy metals discharge from mining and processing of non	-
ferrous metals, and chemical industry are main environm	ental risk problems of
Tongling. Environmental risk from layout of sources (such as chemical facilities) and
receptors (such as residential areas) is a common problem facing by the pilot provinces
and cities.
Although Jiangsu, Guizhou (including Anshun) an	d Tongling have taken measures of
inspection, assessment, early warning and emergency response to reduce
environmental risk, and many of them are reflected in the 12	th five year plans of
environmental protection under the guidance of national plan, there a	re still many
management and technical problems and requirements needed to be solved and met.
How to integrate environmental risk management into environmental planning
efficiently and effectively is a common question raised by pilot provinces and city, ba	sed
on which, technical methods such as simulation and assessment models of
environmental planning and risk management are the important requirements.

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4 	Questionnaire survey result
4.1	 Statistical result
The questionnaire survey conducted for this project a	ims at agencies of the Ministry of
Environmental Protection and related working personnel of the Department of
Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, the Department of Environmental
Protection of Guizhou Province, Tongling Municipal Environmental Pr	otection Bureau
and Anshun Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau. Totally 93 questionnaires
were issued and 84 returned, feedback rate being 90%.
(1) Questionnaire status
In this questionnaire survey, the target group accepts the questionnaire survey (	Figure
4-1). Among them, 28 questionnaires were received at the central level (agencies and
subordinate organizations of the Ministry of Environmental Protection), 48 received by
the provincial (Jiangsu, Guizhou) environmental protection departments and 8 	received
at the municipal level (Tongling, Anshui).

Figure 	4.1 	Completed questionnaires
There are 22 Questionnaires in Guizhou province at the provincial level, 26 in Jiangsu
province.

0
10
20
30
40
50
MEP/CAEP	Privince	City
28
48
8

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Figure 	4.2 	Number at the provincial level
(2) The number of respondents engaged in environmental planning study, formulation
and implementation
General situation of the target group: 77% respondents are engaged in p	lan study,
formulation and implementation work. The situation of those engaged in the above
work at the central, provincial and local levels is shown in Figure 4	-2.

Figure 	4.3 	Number of respondents with job	 responsibility for environmental
planning

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Guizhou	Jiangsu
22	 	26
Guizhou
Jiangsu
0
10
20
30
40
50
MEP/CAEP	Province	City
26	 	33
6
2
15
2
YES	NO

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It is known from the questionnaire that 77% respondents are engaged in plan study,
formulation and implementation work. The development of this project plays a
positive help role for the environmental protection 	working personnel in plan study,
formulation and implementation. As the number of questionnaires decreases level by
level, the proportion of central and local data is not of index significance and can not
reflect the true proportion of the personnel engage	d in plan study, formulation and
implementation at the central and local levels but it can reflect the need of the target
group for this project.

(3) The number of respondents engaged in environmental emergency response
General situation of target group: 	45% respondents are engaged in environmental
emergency response work and the proportion of persons engaged in emergency
response work at the central, provincial and municipal levels is shown in Figure 4	-3.

Figure 	4.4 	Number of respondents engaged in emergency response

45% respondents are engaged in environmental emergency response work and it is
critical to emergency response work to have theoretical knowledge and practical
experience in environmental risk 	prevention and control.
(4) Number of persons who use the Cost Benefit Analysis in work
0
10
20
30
40
50
MEP/CAEP	Province	City
17	 	14	 	7
11
34
1
YES	NO

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General situation of target group: 53% respondents use CBA in their work and the
proportion of persons using CBA at the central, provincial and municipal levels is sho	wn
in Figure 4	-4.

Figure 	4.5 	Application of CBA
(5) Application extent of Cost Benefit Analysis in work

Figure 	4.6 	Familiarity with CBA

0
10
20
30
40
50
MEP/CAEP	Province	City
17	 	24
4
11
24
4
YES	NO
31 %
31 %
30 %
8 %
0 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge

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Figure 	4.7 	Familiarity with CBA (MEP	&CAEP)

Figure 	4.8 	Familiarity with CBA (provincial EPBs)

17 %
50 %
29 %
4 %
0 %
no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge
42 %
23 %
31 %
4 %
0 %
no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge

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Figure 	4.9 	Familiarity with CBA (municipal EPBs)

It is known from the questionnaire survey that 53% respondents use CBA in their work.
Use of CBA decreases level by level and it is used most by the environmental protection
working personnel at the central level and 	used least by the working personnel at the
municipal level. From the survey of CBA knowledge, “no knowledge” and “basic
knowledge” are 31%, “theoretical knowledge” is only 30% and “expert level of
knowledge” is none. Knowledge of CBA by the environmental p	rotection working
personnel at the central, provincial and municipal levels is reverse. CBA is used most in
work but known less at the central level; the environmental protection working
personnel at the municipal level use CBA least in work but know CBA m	ost; and the
environmental protection working personnel at the provincial level know CBA least.
It is suggested that CBA study by the environmental protection working personnel at the
central and provincial levels should be enhanced through this project a	nd training of all
target groups in practical use should be strengthened.

(6) Number of persons who use the Strategic Environmental Assessment in work
General situation of target group: 36% respondents use SEA in their work and the
proportion of persons 	using SEA at the central, provincial and municipal levels is shown
in Figure 4	-9.

12 %
25 %
25 %
38 %
0 %
no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge

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Figure 	4.10	 Application of SEA

(7) Application extent of Strategic Environmental Assessment in work

Figure 	4.11	 Familiarity of SEA

0
10
20
30
40
50
MEP/CAEP	Province	City
9 	16
5
19
32
3
YES	NO
55 %
24 %
17 %
3 %
1 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge

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Figure 	4.12	 Familiarity of SEA (MEP	&CAEP)

Figure 	4.13	 Familiarity of SEA 	(provincial EPBs)

43 %
25 %
18 %
11 %
3 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge
64 %
19 %
17 %
0 %	 	0 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge

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Figure 	4.14	 Familiarity of SEA(municipal EPBs)

It is known from the statistical data that 36% respondents use SEA in their work and
79% environmental protection working personnel do not	 know SEA. Only 17% know
SEA theory and even less, only 3% , conducts practice but 1% fully know SEA. SEA
familiarity decreases level by level and is lower at the more basal layer. There is no
actual SEA use at local level.
It is suggested that practical c	ase teaching should be introduced while theoretical
training is carried out.
In order to analyze the application and familiar of CBA and SEA situation, the following
according to the personnel engaged in environment planning work and the person
engaged in 	both environmental planning and emergency response. Jiangsu province and
Guizhou province for the CBA, SEA applications and familiar with statistical analysis
respectively. It more suitable to train emergency staff and local staff differently and the
train	ing theory into practical teaching cases at the same time.
In this questionnaire survey	，	the target group 31 people are only responsible for
environmental planning, formulation, implementation, 7 people are only responsible for
emergency response, 31 people	 work there are both for environmental planning,
formulation, implementation, and emergency response duty, 15 people work in the
other aspects.

37 %
50 %
13 %
0 %	 	0 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge

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Figure 	4.15	 Type of Work

Because only 7 people engaged in emergency response, we merge them with the people
engaged in both emergency response and environmental planning for analysis .

Figure 	4.16	 Type of work
It can be seen from 	the statistics, engaged in environmental planning is applied to the
CBA accounted for 61%,to the SEA accounted for 35% and engaged in both emergency
response and environmental planning is applied to the CBA accounted for 66%,to the
SEA accounted for 39%.Ov	erall CBA used in work is more, SEA need to strengthen
training.

0
10
20
30
40
only for
environmental
planning
only for
emergency
response
both	none
31
7
31
15
0
20
40
only for environmental
planning
both emergency response
and environmental
planning
31	 	39

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Figure 	4.17	 Applied condition of CBA and SEA

The knowledge of CBA level, the personnel engaged in environmental planning 26% do
not know,	 a basic knowledge of 32%, 29% theoretical knowledge, 10% application level,
3% expert level of knowledge. Personnel engaged in both emergency response and
environmental planning 21% don't know, a basic knowledge of 37%, 26% theoretical
knowledge, 8% appli	cation level, nobody knows very well.

Figure 	4.18	 Knowledge of CBA level

0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
only for
environmental
planning
both emergency
response and
environmental
planning
0,61 	 	0,66
0,35 	 	0,39
using CBA	using SEA
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
no
knowledge
basic
knowledge
theoretical
knowledge
application
level
expert level
of knowledge
0,26
0,32 	 	0,29
0,10
0,03
0,21
0,37
0,26
0,08
0,00
only for environmental planning
both emergency response and environmental planning

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The knowledge of SEA level, the personnel engaged in environmental planning 58% do
not know, a basic knowledge of 16%, 16% theoretical knowledge, 6% application level ,
3% expert level of knowledge. Personnel engaged in both emergency response and
environm	ental planning 50% don't know, a basic knowledge of 29%, 16% theoretical
knowledge, 5% application level, nobody knows very well.

Figure 	4.19	 Knowledge of SEA level
Through the questionnaire can be seen work applied to the CBA accounted for 32%, the
number of applications to the SEA accounts for 23% in Guizhou province. The number of
work applied to the CBA, Jiangsu province accounts for 69%, the number of application	s
to the SEA, Jiangsu province accounts for 46%. It can be infer that the people of Jiangsu
province have learned more about CBA and SEA knowledge of theory and practice than
the people in Guizhou province.
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
no
knowledge
basic
knowledge
theoretical
knowledge
application
level
expert level
of knowledge
0,58
0,16 	 	0,16
0,06 	 	0,03
0,50
0,29
0,16
0,05 	 	0,00
only for environmental planning
both emergency response and environmental planning

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Figure 	4.20	 Application of CBA and SEA at province level

(8) Knowledge level of international environmental planning experience

Figure 	4.21	 Familiarity of international experiences and best practice

0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
the application of CBA
the application of SEA
0,32
0,23
0,69
0,46
Guizhou	Jiangsu
49 %
26 %
19 %
6 %
0 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge

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Figure 	4.22	 Familiarity of international experiences and best practice
(MEP	&CAEP)

Figure 	4.23	 Familiarity of international experiences and best practice 	(provincial
EPBs)

28 %
29 %
32 %
11 %
0 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge
58 %	 	25 %
13 %	 4 %
0 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge

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Figure 	4.24	 Familiarity of international experiences and best practice (municipal
EPBs)

It is known from the statistical result of questionnaire that the knowledge of the
respondents for	 international environmental planning experience is not high.
Approximately a half do not know international environmental planning experience and
only 25% know theory and practical application. For environmental protection work at
provincial and municipal	 levels, nobody knows practical application. The persons who
know theory are also among environmental protection working personnel at the
municipal level and its proportion is only 13%.
It is suggested that training of target group in international experi	ence should be
enhanced and attention should be paid to the combined systematic and topical training
mode to have knowledge of international environmental planning and aim at the specific
work of environmental protection working personnel at different leve	ls.
(9) Knowledge level of environmental risk prevention and control method

62 %
25 %
13 %
0 %	 	0 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge

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Figure 	4.25	 Level of knowledge and experience with environmental risk
reduction methodologies

Figure 	4.26	 Level of knowledge and experience with environmental risk
reduction methodologies (MEP	&CAEP)

32 %
33 %
26 %
6 %
3 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge
18 %
29 %	 	36 %
14 %
3 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge

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Figure 	4.27	 Level of knowledge and experience with environmental risk
reduction 	methodologies (provincial EPBs)

Figure 	4.28	 Level of knowledge and experience with environmental risk
reduction methodologies (municipal EPBs)

It is found from the questionnaire survey that the knowledge 	of environmental
protection working personnel at all levels for the environmental risk prevention and
control method is like a dumbbell and the knowledge of environmental protection
working personnel at central and municipal levels is higher than that of e	nvironmental
protection working personnel at provincial level and more than a half personnel of both
know or very much know the risk prevention and control method.
44 %
37 %
17 %	 %
2 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge
12 %
25 %
50 %
13 %
0 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge

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(10) Knowledge level of international environmental risk prevention and control
experience

Figure 	4.29	 Level of knowledge of international experiences and best practice
related to environmental risk methodologies
For the risk prevention and control experience and practical knowledge, personnel
eng	aged in environmental planning 58% do not know, a basic knowledge of 26%, 3%
theoretical knowledge, 10% application level, 3% expert level of knowledge. Personnel
engaged in both emergency response and environmental planning 34% do not know, a
basic knowle	dge of 45%, 16% theoretical knowledge, 5% application level.

Figure 	4.30	 Knowledge level of international environmental planning experience

45 %
37 %
11 %	 6 %
1 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
no knowledge	basic
knowledge
theoretical
knowledge
application
level
expert level of
knowledge
0,58
0,26
0,03
0,10
0,03
0,34
0,45
0,16
0,05 	 	0,00
only for environmental planning
both emergency response and environmental planning

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The questionnaire in Guizhou	 province, 50% people don't know, a basic knowledge of
23%, 18% application level. In Jiangsu province, 35% people don't know, a basic
knowledge of 35%, 19% theoretical knowledge,12% application level.

Figure 	4.31	 Knowledge level of international environmental planning experience

It is found from the questionnaire survey that presently environmental protection
working personnel at all levels lack the knowledge of international environmental risk
preventio	n and control experience and environmental protection agencies at municipal
level basically do not know the international experience in environmental risk
prevention and control. In general, the people of jiangsu province in the international
risk preventi	on and control experience and practice have higher degree than Guizhou
province.
Theory and practice of combining work helps to improve people's awareness of risk
defense and practice, and continue to acquire international about risk knowledge and
practice	 of civil air defense. Therefore, introduction, training and study of international
experience are the most pressing task for environmental protection working personnel
at all levels at the moment and need major attention from this project.
(11) Knowledge	 level of GAINS, CGE and other integrated environmental impact
assessment models
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
no knowledge	basic
knowledge
theoretical
knowledge
application
level
expert level of
knowledge
0,50
0,23
0,00
0,18
0,00
0,35 	 	0,35
0,19
0,12
0,00
Guizhou	Jiangsu

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Figure 	4.32	 Level of knowledge about GAINS, CGE	-models and other models for
integrated evaluation of environmental impact

Figure 	4.33	 Level of knowledge about GAINS, CGE	-models and other models for
integrated evaluation of environmental impact (MEP	&CAEP)

75 %
13 %
8 %	 4 %
0 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge
57 %
14 %
25 %
4 %
0 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge

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Figure 	4.34	 Level of 	knowledge about GAINS, CGE	-models and other models for
integrated evaluation of environmental impact (provincial EPBs)

Figure 	4.35	 Level of knowledge about GAINS, CGE	-models and other models for
integrated	 evaluation of environmental impact (municipal EPBs)

Knowledge level of GAINS and CGE model, personnel engaged in environmental
planning 74% do not know, a basic knowledge of 6%, 10% theoretical knowledge, 10%
application level. Personnel engaged in both 	emergency response and environmental
planning 76% do not know, a basic knowledge of 16%, 8% theoretical knowledge.
83 %
13 %
0 %
4 %
0 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge
87 %
13 %	 	0 %
0 %	 	0 %	 	no knowledge
basic knowledge
theoretical knowledge
application level
expert level of
knowledge

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Figure 	4.36	 Knowledge level of GAINS, CGE models
Knowledge level of GAINS and CGE model, 82	% people don't know, a basic knowledge of
14%, 5% application level in Guizhou province. 81% people don't know, a basic
knowledge of 12%, 8% application level in Jiangsu province.

Figure 	4.37	 Knowledge 	level of GAINS, CGE models
All the respondents lack knowledge of international experience in environmental risk
prevention and control. In general, only 30% know GAINS, CGE and other integrated
environmental impact assessment models and the situation is ev	en worse at local
(provincial and municipal) level at which theory and practical application is basically
unknown. Overall provincial administrative unit realized GAINS, CGE model for degree is
not enough, need related training.
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
no knowledge	basic
knowledge
theoretical
knowledge
application
level
expert level of
knowledge
0,74
0,06 	 	0,10 	 	0,10
0,00
0,76
0,16
0,08
0,00 	 	0,00
only for environmental planning	both emergency response and environmental planning
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
no knowledge	basic
knowledge
theoretical
knowledge
application
level
expert level of
knowledge
0,82
0,14
0,00 	 	0,05 	 	0,00
0,81
0,12
0,00 	 	0,08 	 	0,00
Guizhou	Jiangsu

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Therefore, introduction, tr	aining and study of international experience in environmental
risk prevention and control need major attention from this project.

(12) Satisfaction of methods and tools concerning environmental planning and
environmental risk prevention and control and u	sed in emergency response work with
the practical work

Figure 	4.38	 Conformance to its requirements of methods and tools

Figure 	4.39	 Conformance to its 	requirements of methods and tools (MEP	&CAEP)

30 %
39 %
18 %
13 %
0 %
not at all sufficient
merely of indirect use
directly useful but
insufficient in scope
cover my needs but
there is a lack of
practice
fully cover my needs
11 %
46 %	 	14 %
29 %
0 %
not at all sufficient
merely of indirect use
directly useful but
insufficient in scope
cover my needs but
there is a lack of
practice

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Figure 	4.40	 Conformance to its requirements of methods and tools (provincial
EPBs)

Figure 	4.41	 Conformance to	 its requirements of methods and tools (municipal
EPBs)

According to the questionnaire survey data, presently it is common that the methods
and tools used in environmental planning, environmental risk prevention and control
and emergency response work are	 not highly practicable or very effective in actual
environmental protection work. As a whole, 30% is unusable, 39% can be indirectly
44 %
29 %
21 %
4 %
2 %
not at all sufficient
merely of indirect use
directly useful but
insufficient in scope
cover my needs but
there is a lack of
practice
fully cover my needs
12 %
62 %
13 %
13 %
0 %
not at all sufficient
merely of indirect use
directly useful but
insufficient in scope
cover my needs but
there is a lack of
practice
fully cover my needs

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referenced and 31% can be partially used and need to be verified in practice. It is seen
from the above central and local 	proportion figures that these methods and tools are
more difficult to use at more basal level. It is suggested that this project can pertinently
sort t	hese methods and tools and carry out training in accordance with actual work to
improve their operabilit	y and actual effect.
(13) Is it needed to further know the specific international experience in the
environmental planning, risk prevention and control and accident emergency response
field?

Figure 	4.42	 Dem	and analysis of 	specific type of international experience

Figure 	4.43	 Demand analysis of 	specific type of international
experience(MEP	&CAEP)

89 %
11 %
YES
NO
93 %
7 %
YES
NO

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Figure 	4.44	 Demand analysis of specific type of international experience
(provincial EPBs	)

Figure 	4.45	 Demand analysis of 	specific type of international experiences (municipal
EPBs)

According to the questionnaire sur	vey, environmental protection working personnel at
all levels think it needed to further know the specific international experience. They
more concerned about international environmental planning experience, environmental
risk prevention and control experi	ence and accident emergency response experience.
87 %
13 %
YES
NO
87 %
13 %
YES
NO

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4.2	 Main conclusion

(1) Project necessity is strong.
In view of target groups for the questionnaire survey, the personnel engaged in
environmental planning study, formulation and implementation work and in 	emergency
response work need very much such international experience as “Cost Benefit Analysis
(CBA), Strategic Environmental Impact Evaluation (SEA), international environmental
planning experience, environmental risk prevention and control experience, GA	INS, CGE
and other integrated environmental impact assessment models and accident emergency
response” and place their hope on the use of these empirical methods in the work. On
the other hand, the working personnel engaged in environmental protection still	 have
many deficiencies in theoretical mastering and practical operation of these international
experiences, methods and tools and need this project to provide technical assistance and
support.
(2) Project content has emphasis.
From the questionnaire survey situation, environmental protection working personnel
at all levels do not know the international experience (environmental planning, risk
prevention and control, GAINS, CGE and accident emergency response etc.) that needs to
be used in work, therefore it is suggested that this project should 	increase training in
international experience.
In addition, local environmental protection working personnel are more concerned
about the practical use of various theoretical methods and h	ow these methods adapt to
work need is a critical problem that needs to be solved. Therefore, it is suggested that
while teaching theoretical knowledge, this project can increase the introduction of
specific policies and flow for the overseas application o	f the related technologies and
methods in accordance with actual local conditions and conduct case analysis in the light
of Chinese policy environment and actual local conditions.
(3) Training subjects are adjusted.

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From the questionnaire, environmental p	rotection personnel at central and local
(provincial and municipal) levels have different points of interest and different work
requirements. It is suggested that training should be carried out separately according to
the familiarity of different subjects 	with theoretical contents in the questionnaire,
training should be given mainly to those that have great need but lack knowledge other
than to those that have the knowledge in order to avoid repeated teaching.
In response to local need of carrying out act	ual work, seek the training mode in
agreement with the actual work.

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5 	Conclusion

5.1	 Many efforts have been done in response to solve environmental
risk problems in China
China is currently facing many environmental risks in air, water, soil, et al., sudden	 and
cumulative environmental risk issues both exist, and because of regional economic and
social development patterns and environmental endowment differences, local issues
and environmental risks have the ability to solve environmental risk issues are dif	ferent.
As for the pilots,
 	Jiangsu lies in eastern China, and is a comparatively developed province. As there
are many chemical companies, the production, use, storage and transport of
chemicals are the main sources of environmental risk. Environmental em	ergency
response capacity is relatively good, but differentiates from different regions,
such as the north and south.
 	Guizhou Province and Anshun City, are located in China's western region, and are
rich in mineral resources. Environmental risks mainly fro	m mineral resource
extraction, smelting and chemical production activities of enterprises.
 	Tongling	 City in Anhui Province is in central China, heavy metals and other
pollutants discharged from mining and processing of non	-ferrous metal with
copper as a representative generate environmental risks on populations and
ecological systems.
Chinese government	 has realized the importance and urgency of addressing
environmental risks, especially during the 12th five	-year period, the environmental risk
prevention have been unprecedentedly emphasized. In the "National 12th Five	-Year
Plan for Environmental Protecti	on", environmental risk prevention is firstly written into
the planning guidelines, and is taken as a one of the main tasks of environmental
protection (with the total emission reduction, and quality improvement tied), under the
guidance of national planni	ng, environmental risk prevention are also taken as import
contents in local environmental protection plans. At both of the national and pilot local
level, the staffs in target groups have more or less knowledge and understanding on

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environmental risk asse	ssment and management. There already are some studies on
international environmental planning, environmental risk assessment and management
experience, some foreign models, methods (such as CBA, SEA, GAINS, CGE) also were
introduced by papers and reports, 	and some of them are applied in practices. Generally,
the work carried set a foundation for Chinese environmental risk management and
planning	.
5.2	 There are still many problems in national and local environmental
risk management
How to coordinate the relati	on between economic development and environmental
protection is still an import issue for sustainable development in China. Many of the
environmental risk problems derive from the prolonged tendency of "economic growth
is important than environmental prot	ection", the layout (industrial enterprises spatial
layout), structural(proportion of heavy industries), composite (multi	-kinds of
pollutants) problems are significant, for example, the environmental risk caused by an
irrational layout of risk sources (eg,	 chemical companies) and environment sensitive
targets (eg, residential areas) is a common problem facing many places, this kind of
problem is usually caused by past lack of industrial and environmental standards, or the
standards were not strictly enforce	d, such problems can not be solved in short time, and
require systematic planning and management.
Although the environmental risk prevention is taken as an main task of environmental
protection during the 12th five	-year period in China, and a lot work such	 as inspection,
assessment, early warning and contingency have been or planned to be done to reduce
environmental risks, many measures have been written into the plans at both national
and local level, however, there are not clear, quantitative targets, q	ualitative descriptive
requirements of environmental risk prevention policy measures can only play a role in
guiding the implementation, but lack of actual binding. How to effectively integrate
environmental risk prevention into existing environmental plan	ning and management
system, and play practical role is an key issue.
In practice, planning and management of environmental risks is still a relatively new
concept, as an interdisciplinary region, it proposes more and higher requirements on
planning, policy	 making and implementation, but there is a certain degree of divergence

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between the theoretical research and practice management, many technical problems
need to be solved. According to survey results, as important target groups of the project,
environment	al emergency management personnel and environmental planners have not
enough theoretical and practical knowledge for each other, especially some emergency
response agencies are just set up, the staff of which are lack of knowledge on
environmental risk pre	vention and planning, and some environmental planners also
lack technical basis of goal setting, method application of environmental risk reduction
planning.
5.3	 Improving technical methods application is critical to solve the
current environmental risk reduct	ion planning and management
problems
Environmental planning is one of the import environmental management means, and is
an import implementation carrier of environmental protection strategy. Efficient and
effective planning and implementation is necessary to solve environmental risk
problems 	. As mentioned above, there is gap between the demand of risk reduction and
the supply of planning and policies, the awareness of environmental risk and
methodologies mastered can not meet the practical requirements. Thus, it is necessary
to study and appl	y existing mature and efficient methods to improve environmental
planning and risk management system, and integrate the ideal and methods of risk
reduction and prevention into the environmental planning system.
Based on the phase I project and the baseline	 study, the implementation of this project
will be more targeted. We will summarize the experience of international environmental
planning, environmental risk prevention and management, and carry out the training
activities focusing on CBA, SEA, MSG	-6 and 	GAINS other models and methods, improve
trainees' cognitions and applicative capacity on environmental planning, environmental
risk management, establish and test a framework for environmental risk prevention and
planning framework of China, propose approp	riate policy recommendations.

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Appendix 	A
Table A	-1 List of environmental risk assessment methods
No.	 	Description	 	Object	 	Content	 	Target
1 	Health risk
assessment
Chemicals
and
pollutants
Hazards identification,
assessment of dosage effect
relationship, 	exposure
assessment and risk
characteristics
Substance
supervision and
prevention of
human health
2 	Ecology risk
assessment
Chemicals
and
pollutants
Question, analysis and risk
characteristics
Substance
supervision and
ecology risk
prevention
3
Comprehensive
risk
assessment
Chemicals
and
pollutants
Comprehensive assessment
of health and ecology risk of
substances
Substance
supervision,
health and
ecology risk
prevention
4
Assessment of
construction
project risk
Construction
project
Risk identifi	cation, source
analysis, result calculation,
risk calculation and
evaluation, risk management
Assessment of
accidental
environmental
risk, judgment of
project feasibility
and risk
acceptability
5
Division of
environmental
risk levels
Construction
project,
parks,
regions and
basins
Define the environmental
risk level by index system,
level analysis, scenario
matrix, weight assignment
Daily
environmental
risk supervision
to emphasize the
key supervision
points and
increase the
supervision
efficiency

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Table A	-2 List of technical specifications for environmental risk assessment
No.	 Description	 	Issued
department
Supervised
objective	 	Purpose
1
Technical guideline of
environmental risk
assessment of
construction projects
(HJ/T169	-2004)
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
(EIA)
Department
Construction
projects
Accident risk
calculation and
prevention
measures
proposal
2
Technical guideline of
environmental risk
assessment 	– method of
classification of
environmental risk for
chlor	-alkali enterprise
Departm	ent of
Policies and
Laws
Chlor	-alkali
enterprise
Insurance for
environment
pollution
responsibility
3
Technical guideline of
environmental risk
assessment 	– method of
classification of
environmental risk for
sulfuric acid enterprise
Sulfuric	 acid
enterprise
Insurance for
environment
pollution
responsibility
4
Technical guideline of
environmental risk
assessment 	– method of
classification of
environmental risk for
lead bullion smelting
enterprise (exposure
draft)
Lead bullion
smelting 	enterprise
Insurance for
environment
pollution
responsibility
5
Technical guideline of risk
assessment for polluted
sites (exposure draft)
Pollution
Prevention
and Control
Department
Polluted sites
Development and
management of
polluted site
6
Assessment	 method of
classification of
enterprises’ environment
risk (exposure draft)
Emergency
Center
Enterprise related
to environmental
risk substances
Management of
classification of
enterprise
environment risk

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Table A	- 3 Relevant institutions and policies of	 China’s environmental risk
management
Time	 	Promulgation
unit
Policy name	 	Main content
1990	 	State
Environmental
Protection
Administration
Request for
Environmental Risk
Assessment over
Major Accident
Potential of
Environment
Pollution
General 	environmental risk assessment
requested in environmental impact reports
of major projects in China.
1997	 	State
Environmental
Protection
Administration,
Ministry of
Agriculture and
Ministry of
Chemical
Industry
Notice on Further
Strengthening the
Supervision and
Management of the
Waste Water
Discharge from
Pesticide
Production Units
The construction projects of new, expanded
and revamped pesticide production must
carry on risk assessment about water
pollutants, especially about specific
pollutants.
2004	 	State
Environmental
Protection
Administration
Technical Guideline
of Environmental
Risk Assessment of
Construction
Projects
Levels, procedures, basic content, source
item analysis, result computation and risk
calculation of environmental risk
assessment.
2004	 	State
Environmental
Protection
Administration
Notice on Insuring
the Environment
Pollution
Prevention in the
Course of
Enterprise
Relocation
(Huanban No.
[2004]47)
Strengthening the environmental
supervision of the moved enterprises,
inve	stigating in the pollution sources of the
construction site in the moved industrial
areas and monitoring the soil environment.
2005	 	State
Environmental
Protection
Administration
Measure of
Environmental
Pollution
Prevention on
Discarded
Hazardous
Chemicals
(Huanbaozongjuling
Prevention of pollution by discarded
hazardous chemicals, recovery and
disposal; unification of the supervision and
management on the prevention of
hazardous chemicals pollution.

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Time	 	Promulgation
unit
Policy name	 	Main content
No.27)
2005	 	The State
Council
National Emergen	cy
Plans for
Environmental
Contingency
The events caused the adverse effects on
environment and ecology are considered in
emergency management for the first time.
2007	 	State
Environmental
Protection
Administration
Notice on
strengthening the
Management of
Environmental
Impact Assessment
and the Prevention
of Environmental
Risk (Huanfa
No.[2005]152)
Notice on
Developing
Investigations in
Environmental Risk
for Chemical and
Petrochemical
Projects
(Huanbanhan
No.[2006]69)
Notice on Checking
about Environmenta	l
Risk of Newly	-built
Chemical and
Petrochemical
Projects (Huanban
No.[2006]4)

Environmental risk source control,
developing searching environmental risk
sources by checking, being strict about the
environmental protecting approval of
construction projects and strengthening
supervision and responsibility
investigation.

To carry 	out pertinent environmental safety
check, search for hidden environmental risks
of construction projects, put forward
rectification measures and proposals and
prevent environment pollution accidents from
happening.
2007	 	Ministry of
Environmental
Protectio	n
Instructions about
Environment
Pollution Liability
Insurance
To put forward the pilot work of
environment pollution liability insurance in
key industries and regions.
2008	 	Ministry of
Environmental
Protection
Opinions about
Strengthening Soil
Pollution
Prevention (Huanfa
Principle regulations were made about the
pollution prevention and environment
supervision on industrial sites.

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Time	 	Promulgation
unit
Policy name	 	Main content
No.[2008]48)
2009	 	The State
Council
Control Regulations
of Transportation of
Radioactive
Substances
To specify the 	management of transporting
radioactive substances in China and reduce
the risk of transporting radioactive
substances, to promote the development
and application of nuclear energy and
technologies and safeguard human health
and the environment.
 	Ministry 	of
Environmental
Protection
Management
Method of New
Chemical
Substances (Buling
No.7)
Opinions about
Strengthening the
Work of
Environment
Emergency
Management
To control the environmental risk of new
chemical substances, safeguard human
health and protec	t ecological environment.
To put forward the overall promotion of the
whole process management of environment
emergencies, actively prevent and
appropriately response to various acute
environmental accidents and strengthen basic
and guaranteeing work of en	vironment
emergency management.
2010	 	Ministry of
Environmental
Protection
Notice on
establishing and
perfecting
emergency
response
mechanism jointly
between
environment
protection and
safety supervision
departments
(Huanban
No.[2010]5)
To realistically pr	omote establishing and
perfecting emergency response mechanism
jointly between environment protection
and safety supervision departments at the
levels of provinces, cities and counties.
 	Management
Measure for Safety
Permission of
Transporting
Radioactive
Substances
To strengthen the safety management of
transporting radioactive substances and
implement licensing system for
transporting radioactive substances.
 	Guideline for
Compiling
To put forward the composing streamline of
contingency plan for petrochemical

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Time	 	Promulgation
unit
Policy name	 	Main content
Environmental
Contingency Plan
for Petrochemical
Enterprises
(Huanban
No.[2010]10)
enterprises and the main content of the
plan.
 	Interim
Management
Measure of
Contingency Plan
for Acute
Environmental
Accidents (Huanfa
No. [2	010]13).
To specify compilation, evaluation, record,
implementation, supervision and
management of the contingency plan.
 	Management
Measure of
Information
Reporting about
Acute
Environmental
Accidents (Trial)
(Huanban
No.[2010]141)
Content, standard and	 form to be used in
the information report about acute
environmental accidents

2011	 	Ministry of
Environmental
Protection
Registration
Measure of
Environmental
Management on
Hazardous
Chemicals
(Huanbanhan
No.[2011]1212)
To strengthen the environmental
management of hazardous chemicals,
reduce the emission of hazardous chemicals
into the environment and prevent
environmental risks.
2013	 	Ministry of
Environmental
Protection
Guideline for
Compiling Reports
on Evaluating
Environmental Risk
of Key Hazardous
Chemicals under
the Environment
Management
The content to be compiled in reports on
evaluating environmental risks of
hazardous chemicals and the technical
methods of environmental risk assessment
were specified.

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